Student 1

Deviance and crime are yes interesting concepts as articulated in the chapter. The chapter well highlights the codes of deviance and crime showing their close interrelation. Though the student has no personal experience and has not directly related to deviance and crime, the experience of growing up in family that shares the two sides of deviance and crime, law orientation side including police, lawyers, and judges and the other side including family member who frequent prisons is quite a vast experience. With such a visionary experience, the reality of this chapter is captivating for everybody who might have grown in such a family setup, leave alone the student (Kendall, 2015).

It is truly interesting that deviance in the south is not at all deviance in the north. What might be defined as deviance in one place might have a very different inviting definition in a different location. Just because you think that in your place something is deviant does not mean when you relocate to another place you will hold the same believe. It is interesting and excellent for the student in how he/she shows how crime and deviance camouflages with time too. What was considered deviant sometimes back, for instance having tattoos and piercings, is now the order of the day with nobody expressing any hard feelings about it. Some behaviors which were seeing deviant change with time and gain the acceptance tag with time. The student has done quite well; a good professional display that shows how crime and deviant grows with some metamorphosis. The work is worth every credit for it covers all the required content and shows the chapter as it is (Kendall, 2015).

Student 2

I concur with the student that the chapter highlights the interesting facts that many don’t know about deviance and crime. The student highlight the conflict perspectives, deviance and those that define social strata and groupings. However I don’t see the student giving enough of information to candidly define the highlighted concepts in the chapter. Though he does mention the continuous power struggle between people up the social strata ladder and people down the social strata ladder, he/she gives no clear definition and explanation of the same but just makes a mention. He/she indeed to show how deviance is handled by those that are high the social strata who tend to be the controllers of the law making the people in the low strata who happen to be their workers vulnerable and on the receiving ends of  the one-sided law (Kendall, 2015).

I find it quite not instrumental and clear how the student extrapolates the ideas in the chapter. They are so brief just making mentions which actually don’t represent the chapter well and in full. Being brief is not a sin though, but if it was just brief and giving the content and answering to the question in a systematic way, then it would be good too. I tend to think that the student did not take enough time to look deep into the chapter and understand what deviance and crime is all about as presented in the chapter. I strongly feel, in good faith, that the student could have done better than this for the chapter is not any hard and complex to dig out the conceptual points in it. The work is quite below average and would honestly commend a redo.

Reference

Diana Kendall, (2015), Sociology in Our Times: The Essentials, Cengage Learning.

 

Emotional Intelligence involves the perception, understanding and regulation of emotions. It is the ability of a person to identify their emotions as a person and those of other people, appreciating and drawing a mark between various emotional feelings and marking them suitably, applying the information out of that understanding to understand differences in thought and behavior, and managing and making adjustments to emotions in order to fit into different environments or else to achieve a certain goal. In order to manage people successfully, people who by default have distinct emotional differences and diverse reactions to almost every stimuli, it is therefore vital to have a vast knowledge in Emotional Intelligence (Denhardt et. al., 2012).

Emotional Intelligence helps in understanding others with more self-awareness. Once one understands themselves and is able to control, manage reactions, moods, responses, they can well manage and lead other people. Courtesy of Emotional Intelligence we can discern the emotions and feelings of other people empathetically and get to understand why they react differently to different situations thus easy to encourage and motivate them. With Emotional Intelligence a leader can relate well socially with others, lead them well, be good in solving conflicts, and promote team work promoting motivation among the team members. A good understanding of Emotional Intelligence means good leadership, success, motivated teams and individuals. Emotional diversity if well managed translates to workplace ideas and skills diversity transforming to better output and profits (Denhardt et. al., 2012).

Emotional Intelligence is build up of three main principle which include: perceiving, understanding, and regulating emotions. The three work hand in hand to complement each other for the success of Emotional Intelligence. None of them is less important of powerful than the other. For instance, to achieve good regulation, you must first perceive them and understand. The three principle or component belong together and none can work best in exclusion (Denhardt et. al., 2012).

Reference

Robert Denhardt, Janet Denhardt, & Maria Aristigueta, (2012), Managing Human Behavior in Public and Nonprofit Organizations, SAGE Publications.

With an effective public health system, the nation can run productively and profitably. However an effective public health system does not come on a silver platter but requires lots of financing and funding for systems to be effectively and efficiently in order. To ensure public health financing, congress has a responsibility for it determines the broader outlines and priorities if the United states global health efforts and provides funding for the United States public health agencies and departments and also oversee the conduct and effectual impacts of such efforts. Congress introduces, considers, and passes legislations and carries oversight activities. The president is responsible for appointing key United States global public health positions to carry out the effective processes. The president ascends to bills to make sure that they are put to law to ensure funding and working of the bills which carry and promote public health (Gulliford, Tan, & Karim, 2015).

Block grants are lump sums that are given to states and local authorities for general use and services by the federal government, for instance community development services. Normally there are very few strings attached to block grants and offer lots of discretion to the state and local authorities in the ways of spending them. Block grants are made to boost services in the local and state governments for instance in public health care services for the less fortunate and low-income persons in the society. They are different from personal health care for they cover a comprehensively numerous numbers of beneficiaries on same services but not individual specific services. They compare funding for personal care in that they too fund personal group identified care services (Gulliford, Tan, & Karim, 2015).

To improve the entitlement system, I will impose and establish better transparent systems that are well known from the grass roots with the beneficiaries well identified and sorted. The entitlement system needs lots of correction and transparency, something I will give priority (Gulliford, Tan, & Karim, 2015).

Reference

Martin Gulliford, Chorh Chuan Tan, & Quarraisha Abdool Karim, (2015), Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health, Oxford University Press.

A society includes a group of people co-existing together in some kind of system or organized manner. By default, all societal aspects are social. One of the aspects of the society that I really feel needs to change is schooling/education. There is this perception and notion of promoting the boy child than the girl child in education. The girl-child is in most cases taken like to have no right to education and if they have to go to school, it is meant for the basic education. I really feel this should not be the case, be it a boy child or a girl child, any of them should be given an equal opportunity for schooling/education. This should be an all-society concern because if that notion is to be shunned, the society as a whole must join hands to bring about this social change and alter the minds of the society towards an equal opportunity for the girl child as the boy child inculcating a promotional positive belief in the ability of the girl child in education (Lerner, 2009).

To lead this societal change, to lead the line must be parents, and more-so the father parent. Mothers who were once small girls were deprived of their ability in early stages that even them believing in themselves was hard. It is therefore most appropriate that fathers took the initiative to make their girl children have a strong spirit that they are able to match the achievement of their brothers, and support them too to achieve the educational escapades achieved by their brothers (Lerner, 2009).

The historical trait approach to leadership is evident in schooling/education social aspect. This is because parents want to compare to the ancient ways and traits of early leaders who strongly believed that the woman and so the girl child belonged to the homestead which hardly needed any schooling or educational skills. The presence of the trait approach to girl child education is a true hindrance to change as there are some father parents who want to copy the ancient leaders and stay authoritative, the only way being not enlightening women and the girl-child through education. As the society still goes on appreciating the trait approach to leadership, changing the negative perception towards girl child education is a struggle up the social-change hill (Lerner, 2009).

For the social change to take place in the society, men and fathers should be leading from the front. It is through the encouragement of the aspect oppressors who happen to be men that women and the girl child will feel able and develop a positive attitude against superimposed doubt that they are inferior and lack the ability to excel in school and match men and the boy child. Currently, we have seen men take the initiative to educate the girl child and avail opportunities for them equal to the boy child. This has translated to women being leaders which shows that there is some success and achievement towards fostering the change (Lerner, 2009).

Social perception towards girl child is not an instant process. It takes time to change the human mind of men to support it, change they think threatens their authority. However it is satisfying as for me to see the gradual change in men starting to support girl child education and advocating for it from their families to the national levels. This change can be evidenced in the way the number of women leaders is increasing across the world today (Lerner, 2009).

Reference

Gerda Lerner, (2009), Living with History / Making Social Change, Univ of North Carolina Press.

Nursing and Nursing Practice has quite a vast number of few-worded concepts that at their mention, for those people who understand them, make great lumps of communication. It is therefore important to understand such Nursing and Nursing Practice communication conceptual words to foster quick understanding and therefore competency, efficiency and effectiveness. Among the very many concepts in the field of Nursing and Nursing practice, this paper is intended to discuss the nursing communication concept there is in the conceptual word ‘self-efficacy’.

Self-efficacy by definition is that personal belief that yes you can.it is that intrinsic motivational belief in one’s own ability that they can make it successfully in some situations or in accomplishing a certain task as best expected. A person’s self-efficacy is therefore paramount and important for it has an upper hand in determining the way one approaches challenges, tasks and set goals. Greatly self-efficacy influence and impacts the way a person thinks, behaves, feels, and motivates themselves for their specific tasks or even for their day to day live roles. People who have a high sense of this important concept, self-efficacy, optimistically approaches and sees challenges and problems as tasks worth mastering but not threats worth avoiding. They easily develop inbuilt yearning and show more interest and are focused in their tasks and goal setting and going for challenging goals to foster and demonstrate the strength in their commitment sense with a quick recovery in case of disappointments and setbacks.

As a Nurse Practioner, self-efficacy is such a significant concept to me. This is because I was once a victim of low self-efficacy sense. This made me to avoid tasks that I thought were hard and challenging giving them a pessimistic approach with a inbuilt believe that I dint have the muscles to get through them, even before I gave them a trial. Tasks were more of threats than chances for growth an attitude fostered by a deficiency in faith in my abilities as a person with simple tasks causing me stress and depression. I dwelled on personal shortcomings, failings and took so long to recover form setbacks and negativities than I thought of succeeding.  However, after inculcating a high sense of self-efficacy, things turned around in my career and profession, meeting and loving hard and challenging tasks the more. This made me grow career-wise and gain a different positive approach to challenging tasks which has grown me professional so much. As an individual, self-efficacy has steered me to the top of my profession for it makes me believe in myself, my ability and take challenges as opportunities to grow further.

For nursing, self-efficacy is very vital. Nursing is such a challenging and widely involving field a person operating on a low gear in self-efficacy my find had to negotiate through the many challenging sharp and hard corners in it. Self-efficacy helps nurses feel confidence, able and competent in their practice, accepting challenges and hard tasks, taking them for an opportunity to get better but not as threats. With self-efficacy, morale to learn and to tackle tasks is high to the advantage of the clinical and nursing field. Self-efficacy drives the much needed hunger and thirst in skills development, consistency which foster competency, and gives nurses a sense of great mastery in their practice. Self-efficacy greatly contributes to better nursing behaviors for nurses develop better professional behaviors because they not only respond to influences and factors in the nursing environment but also gain the ability to self-influence and shape their professional systems socially.  It is therefore important to encourage self-efficacy in nursing for it warrants better results.

Words relating or expressing self-efficacy may include: self-drive, intrinsic motivation, self-believe, self-confidence, self-trust, ‘yes-I –can-make it’ attitude among others.

Sharing the concept with my colleagues, gave to moreorless of the same understandings as mine. One of my colleagues cited that self-efficacy is that self-confidence to meet head-on with challenges and trust that one will come out sharper and more-equipped than they were before going into the challenge. The other colleague cited self-efficacy as the inbuilt driving force that enables one to trust themselves to negotiate up and down the sharp and hard corners of their professional tasks and challenges for more growth and competency. Comparatively, many of the colleagues highlighted the importance of the concept citing that it is a vital one towards achieving success in the diverse and fast-changing nursing field.

Dictionary definitions

Self-efficacy is an inbuilt personal belief on one’s ability to tackle a certain task.

Self-efficacy is an internal strength in a person that drives them to take up challenges with an optimistic trust in their abilities that they can succeed.

Self-efficacy is that belief within an individual that they have the capacity to perform successfully a certain task.

List synonyms and antonyms of the concept

Synonyms: strength, force, energy, capability, capacity, capableness, effectiveness, adequacy, competence, vigor, influence, potency, performance among others.

Antonyms: inadequacy, Impotency, weakness, uselessness, inability, ineffectiveness, uselessness, idleness, failure, lethargy, unproductiveness among others.

References

Digital forensics includes recovering and investigating material traced in digital and computer devices in respect to computer crimes with such forensic data commonly vital in refuting or supporting hypothesis in the incidence of a civil or criminal court presentation or in the private sector too during internal corporate investigations, for instance network intrusion investigation. The use of reports generated by forensic tools to create your final investigation report is advantageous in that you can easily trace back the originality of the data used to prepare the report and table it in confidence without fear since it offers surety of originality. Reports generated from forensic tools offer every detailed evidence with very little doubt if any hence they can be used in giving the real verdict leading to the investigation. Since the report is prepared and retrieved from static devices but not from ‘live’ systems, the reports give high accuracy and are hard to be compromised and tempered with (Nelson, Phillips, & Steuart, 2009).

However, reports from forensic investigation may too have disadvantages. Reports from forensic investigation can suffer some volatility. When conducting evidence, if the machine under investigation is alive, the data or information kept on the machines Read Only Memory and is yet to be recovered before switching off power is vulnerable to getting lost. Though some tools can be used to recover volatile data, there is considerably no surety that all the data can be recovered from the static devices. Also reports can be tempered prior to the investigation or the person handling the  machine prior to the investigation might be under pressure from some malicious forces intending to convict them to be held accountable victim for the investigation (Nelson, Phillips, & Steuart, 2009).

Reference

Bill Nelson, Amelia Phillips, & Christopher Steuart, (2009), Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations, Cengage Learning.

 

Question one

Urbanization is a process of population growth in cities as people move towards the cities. The urbanization trend is plus to development for it brings about industrialization and the rebirth of companies. Urbanization brings in the convenience of goods and decentralization of services with people being able to gain more access to educational and health facilities among others which are almost readily available in the cities. With more urbanization, there is more economic growth and therefore more development. As people move to the cities they are more enlightened and educated and can plan their families well and significantly help in population control. However urbanization also has negative impacts on development and population control. Uncontrolled urbanization can easily lead to food shortage and high living costs, this potentially affects development as many people in the cities become unemployed. The more the urbanization, the more the shortage in property. Population control may be hard to manage as people takes to slums owing to unemployment and poverty and end up raising the birth rate for uninformed family planning.

Question 2

In ecosystems, energy flows when nutrients are cycled to achieve some balance. The major human impacts on the carbon, phosphorous, and cycles include: the carbon cycle is impacted by human beings as they add more carbon dioxide to the ecosystem industrialization and burning of fossil fuels. On burning gas, coal or oil, more carbon is released to the atmosphere. By adding manure and fertilizers to farms, human beings end up adding phosphates to the environment thus the possibility of eutrophication. Also the nitrogen cycle is much impacted by humans in times when they apply nitrogen fertilizers to plants to help them grow and yield. This passes nitrates down to the soil. In the case of rainfall and running water the nitrates are carried by the water to water collection areas causing eutrophication.

 

Question 3

In Biodiversity, HIPPO is an acronym for the threats to biodiversity and in full, it stands for: Habitat Loss, Invasive Species, Pollution, Human Population, and Overharvesting. Habitat Loss occurs when a particular usable habitat is converted to an unusable habitat. For instance deforestation for firewood of for mining activities e.g. the amazon rainforest deforested for agriculture.  Invasive Species includes a species preying on another or a certain species moving to a certain location and predating on the resident species to their extinction. For instance the brown tree snake in Guam. Pollution includes the discharge and release of toxic chemicals and metals into the environment causing species to extinctions. For instance toxic fertilizers which end up in the lakes killing aqua-life. Human population transfigures the growth in population causing people to destroy habitats. For instance, due to population growth forests have been brought down to allow the construction of houses killing the habitats for various animals and the tree to. Overharvesting includes over hunting of targeted species, for instance the Mega-fauna extinction.

 

Question 4

Subsistence agriculture can be defined as self-sufficiency type of agriculture whereby farmers grown what is enough for them and their families. There is hardly much surplus left for future remedy or for trade. On the other hand modern agriculture is wide production agricultural practice in which hybrid seeds which are technologically developed are grown. It applies much technology in fertilizers, equipment, irrigation and pesticides, this practice has lots of surplus and is mainly done for agribusiness and trade. The major components of the agricultural revolution include the use of technology to modify seeds for better harvest, use of fertilizers and pesticides, and the use of irrigation. Subsistence farming rarely hurts the environment. However modern agriculture is a major threat to environment as farmers use toxic chemicals to grow their crops which end up harming the environment, in the effort to make more profits, modern farmers end up carrying deforestation which is a harmful practice to the environment too.

 

Prognosis is the prediction or the act of making an informed guess, forecast or prediction of a disease course, following the disease’s onset. It may refer to a disease’s possible outcomes and the frequency or probability that the disease may occur or re-occur or it can be said to be the prediction that a patient will survive a certain health condition. There are various approaches to expressing prognosis. This paper however intends to discuss one among the various approaches to expressing prognosis which is the case-fatality rate approach (Gordis, 2013).

Also known as case fatality risk, case fatality ratio, or simply fatality rate, this approach seeks to ascertain the proportions of mortality within a certain set population of cases, who are the people with a certain health or medical condition, over the course of the disease. Generally, case fatality rate is used to measure not necessarily the risk or rate but the severity of a disease in which the prognosis is comparative indicate high rates of relatively poor outcomes. It is also used in evaluating the effects of new remedies or treatments with decreasing measures as treatments increase (Gordis, 2013).

Case fatality is achieved by dividing the number of deaths from a certain disease over a designated time period by the number of people diagnosed with that disease in the span of the specified time, then multiplying the result by hundred. Fatality rate as a true rate estimates the risk of succumbing to death from a certain disease. For instance if in a population of 1000 people, 400 of them have a specified disease and 100 of them die from the disease,  then the fatality rate is 100/400=0.25 which transforms to 25 percent. In a second population of 1000 people, 300 suffering the specified disease and 50 die out of the disease, the fatality rate is 50/300=0.167 transforming to 16.67 percent. This means that the severity of the disease is higher in the first population (Gordis, 2013).

Reference

Leon Gordis, (2013), Epidemiology, Elsevier Health Sciences.

Wi-Fi is a wireless network technology that utilizes radio waves for its functional connectivity. To establish a Wi-Fi connection, a wireless adapter which are fundamental in creating Wi-Fi hotspots. Hotspots are areas in which there is accessibility of a wireless router that is connected to the wi-fi network and can allow users to gain access to internet services. Just like in mobile phone systems, wi-fi networks uses radio waves to transfer and make communications across and within a network. The communicating devices should therefore have wireless adapters that is able to translate the data that is sent into radio signals. The very signal is transmitted through an antennae to a router, which is a decoder and once the data is decoded then it is sent to the internet via a wired Ethernet connection (Raman & Chebrolu, 2007).

To configure a wi-fi network, one has to have the network id. This shows the available hotspots available for connection. Then, if the wi-fi hotspot is encrypted/protected, it is a requirement that one should have the password or the encryption code to access the network (Raman & Chebrolu, 2007).

However, wi-fi networks have their fair share of merits and demerits. One of the major merits of a wi-fi network is in its simplicity for it needs no interconnectivity cabling. In addition they can easily merge numerous devices simultaneously. The mobility possible with wi-fi networks is interesting and makes them more productive in that users can access internet services even outside their usual working stations and maintain a close affiliation to their network of choice as they navigate from one location to the other without much interruption. It is easier to expand the usability of wireless networks. Also, wireless networks are cheap and cut down the cost for apart from routers they have very little physical hardware and installations (Raman & Chebrolu, 2007).

However, wi-fi networks have some demerits, one of them being speed. The speed of wi-fi networks is far slower compared to wired networks. Also, securing your wi-fi networks may also be a challenge since available wireless networks users may choose to utilize some of the encryption technologies available. Wi-fi networks also use radio frequency transmission which are prone to wide variety of interference, as well as complex propagation effects that are beyond the control of the network administrators. Wi-Fi are therefore less-reliable and have a problem with range in that they can’t cover wide ranges, and if they have to more costs in form of repeaters have to be incurred (Raman & Chebrolu, 2007).

 

Reference

Bhaskaran Raman & Kameswari Chebrolu, (2007), Experiences in using Wi-Fi for rural internet in India, Indian Inst. of Technol., Kanpur.

• What is Capital One’s business and who are their competitors?
• Provision of banking services
• Providing credit cards for consumers
• Continuous innovation of credit cards and banking
• Diversifying credit card contracts for consumers
• Provision of financial services to businesses and consumers
• Searching for new ways for bigger market share and more customer loyalty
• Offering online banking services and availing the tap-to-pay functionality on app

 

Competitors

• PayPal
• Square
• Android pay
• Apple pay
• American express
• Bank of America
• Chase
• Per the case study, what is one of their major strategies to grow profitably and compete?
• Provision of low credit rating cards to their customers
• Creation and offering diversified varieties of credit card contracts
• The use of customer data in creation of new credit programs
• Continuous testing and experimenting to innovatively extend product offering
• Distinguishing themselves by creating new product manufacturing model

 

Information Employed in the Capital One Credit Card Process	Sources of This Information
whether a customer will carry a balance or avoid financial charges or not	Ø  From transactional data from the customer’s bank accounts
Pattern of use	Ø  decision support system Ø  Point of sale
From where and what customers are buying	Ø  Point of sale data
Consumer demographics	Ø  Bank account information Ø  point of sale data
Customer credit risk/spending history	Ø  Point of sale data Ø  Credit history
The mode of credit payment	Ø  Bank transactions Ø  Online banking services

 

IM/IT Enabling Information System	Description
Decision Support System	Helpful in combining data in creating patterns of use and products
Expert System	Testing credit cards risk models
Enterprise-wide transaction processing systems	Important in capturing all customer transactions
Point of sale systems	Vital in capturing spending patterns and what customers are purchasing
Online banking systems	Helpful in capturing customer payment history and credit payment/transactions
Customer Relationship Management system	Captures personal information and helps in customer support

 

 

Traditional Manufacturing Approach	Capital One’s Scientific Testing Approach
Identification of the specific requirements for a product/service	Aims at creating more sets of requirements
Aims at ensuring the existence of a willing customer base	Tests and experiments with product offerings to ascertain the interest of potential customers
Engages in designing a prototype	Aims to design and implement a variety of prototypes
Markets the product or service to target audience	Targets a smaller audience by tailoring a specific product
Uses market research and customer insight information	Uses a unique expert system during interactions with customers
Engages in reviews of product sales trends, customer satisfaction metrics hence very slow to revise or launch new products	Employs a continuous living process od testing, experimentation, and corporate learning hence quick to revise and launch new products