Question 1

I think King Lear acts is a depiction of some kind of gradual decent of madness into the main character especially after he disposes his kingdom setting up parties for two of his three daughters. I think the bequests for the two daughters was in the form of flattery of the main character which was responsible for developing the tragic consequences in the act overall. The King Lear development from Shakespeare could also be a new understanding of a modern man whose actions and attitude revolves around sympathy in a decent society that could not be achieved in the past.

Question 2

Yes, his emotions are that of an old man. Every normal old man when he retires thinks of dividing his portions and what he had amongst his children and this is what King Lear exactly does. An aging father thinks of the life of his children after he dies and divides his properties among his children to prevent conflict in the future when he is absent. At the same time, even in his decision to divide his properties amongst his daughters, he shows some early signs of mental illness which is equally evident is old people.

Question 3

The behavior of King Lear’s daughters is a real depiction of the order of nature which is reflected on the breakdown of human law. Even after the decision of their father to divide his possessions among them, they still wage war and give rise to conflict amongst themselves instead of living in peace. In the process of wealth declaration by the father, the daughters are the very first ones to imagine that their father is showing signs of mental illness and none of them finds a reason to support their father. They are selfish and self-centered.

References;

MobileReference. King Lear: By William Shakespeare. Boston: MobileReference.com, 2008. Print.

 

Introduction

In contributory negligence there is a duty to mitigate your damages but there is also a duty to take positive action like putting out a fire.

This case is not relevant to our case as its principal is the duty of care of the neighbour, but it is one of the famous cases.

Open Statement

The fact that none of the plaintiffs was wearing a safety belt is not of itself indicative of the innocence of the defendant. However, it will be a factor in assessing contributory negligence under the Civil Liabilities Act 1961.

• David owed a duty of care to the defendants and that he was in breach of that particular duty of care to each of the three plaintiffs.
• David will argue that he was and couldn’t have foreseen that the cyclist was coming.

The Supreme Court in Buckley v Maloney (1996) funds the driver of a car negligent where he had collided with a cyclist who had come into the road from the hard shoulder to avoid some potholes.

 

• Did David act reasonably foreseeable in the circumstances?
• Was he keeping his eyes on the mirror to see if there was oncoming traffic, including cyclist on the left-hand side?

Closing Statement

David will deny that he breaches his duty of care that’’ among other things “it was an inevitable accident. Also, can argue that injuries could have been avoided if plaintiffs were wearing seat belts. Since the injury did not manifest themselves until sometimes later the probability is that the injuries were only minor and could have been avoided or less substantially mitigated using safety belt. As passengers, if all over 18th they responsible for their care, but this will not discharge David from his reasonable care.

In 1993 the high Court held in Strick v Tracy that the defendant failure to wear a safety belt she had contributed significantly to the seriousness of her injuries.

Remedies:

• Injunction
• Damages
• Cost

Conclusion

In similar cases to the one mentioned above, what remains clear is that there are still many more cases of accidents, injuries and loss of property which is ascribed to the non-use or the use of safety belts while driving. Contributory negligence is evidently a kind of defense where the defendant is presented with a chance to show some negligence on the side of the plaintiff. Showing negligence on the part of plaintiff by the defendant in contributory negligence is for the purpose of reduction in the amount that should be paid as compensation because of the extent of negligence from the plaintiff. It is evident that contributory negligence acts as a fair defense for defendants who are out to find instances that they can use against the plaintiff especially in cases that are related to specific torts like the one discussed above. Because this kind of defense has favored defendants in many tort and business law cases, the very last opportunity in using this defense was brought in that between the plaintiff and the defendant, whoever had the last chance to inhibit an accident was to be held liable. However, contributory negligence is still a sophisticated indebtedness of scientific evidence in the tort law.

References:

Corporate and Business Law (Irish Variant 2012) BPP (Law of Tort pg:109-131)

Law of Torts 4th Edition B McMahon W Binchy (Negligence of the Road pg:15-40,15-58)

Introduction

Genetically modified plants and foods are nourishments that have been fashioned from organisms that have had transformations announced into their DNA with the use of genetic engineering. Using the procedure of genetic engineering, GMO plants have been designed to allow new genes and traits into their systems to have much control over existing traits compared to previous methods like mutation breeding and selective breeding (Vàzquez-Salat, Salter,  Smets &  Houdebine 2012). Most genetically modified plants and crops have basically focused on cash crops of high demand by farmers such as cotton, corn, soy bean, and canola. Genetically modified crops in the medical profession have been engineered particularly for resistance to pathogens and disease causing bacteria as well as herbicides to protect plant from diseases. However, there has been an ongoing public concern in relation to regulation, environmental impact, food safety and research methods undertaken in the discussion on genetically modified plants and their use in the medical profession. Many researchers have focused on the negative aspects of genetically modified plants in the medical profession but this development will look at the advantages of genetically modified plants in the medical profession.

The advantages of genetically modified plants

Among the most promising uses of genetically modified plants has been eyed in the future of the medicine profession. There are so many advances that have been performed in the genetic modification arena that might allow researchers to develop a wide variety of medicines that will be able to cure numerous diseases that present medications might not be able to. At the same time, there are so many ways in which genetic modification could be applied in the implementation of new medicines for future generations.

Production of healing proteins

A major advantage of genetic modified plants in the medical profession lies under the production of some human healing proteins that could be used to treat a wide range of diseases (Domingo & Bordonaba 2011). The present techniques of producing these valuable human proteins are made possible from cell cultures and can be very expensive. The process of human protein extraction used presently can also be made possible from blood purification but the process is full of risks because of the high exposure to contamination of deadly diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis C. With generic modification, human proteins could also be manufactured from milk of transgenic animals like cattle, sheep and goats. In this manner, human protein production can occur in fewer costs and high volumes which would be beneficial to the medical profession (Leader, Baca & Golan 2008).

Production of Nutriceuticals

Genetic medication of plants can as well be used in the production of the so-called nutriceuticals. Through this process of genetic modification, milk collected from genetically modified animals can be used to produce drugs of high level nutritional qualities. Such drugs can be used by special customers who have weak immune responses to ordinary milk and lactose intolerance.

Organ Transplant

Another way in which genetic modification of plants can be used in the field of medicine lies in the concern of organ transplant. It is a well-known fact in the present that organ transplants cannot be found easily due to the scarcity in the supply of organs (Krimsky 2015). Organs such as the heart and the kidney cannot be easily found yet their demand for these organs is high. With the assistance from generic modification, the high demand for organ transplants could be met. Because of the short fall of human organs needed for transplant, genetic modification can use plant and animal cells to come up with vital supply with reference to organ transplant. For instance, the use of transgenic pigs to increase organ supply in human transplant has helped increase the flow of organs in the medical field. These pigs can be modified genetically through the addition of specific human proteins that are able to coat animal tissues and inhibit an immediate rejection of organs transplanted into humans.

Neutralizing harmful viruses

Looking at the great medical opportunity hidden in the tobacco plant, medical experts have developed genetically modified tobacco that has revealed an incredible future for the medical profession. The scientists who performed the lifesaving experiment from tobacco discovered how the results from genetically modified tobacco can help save lives of Ebola infected patients from West Africa (Huff 2015). In this research, scientists inserted the Ebola proteins into the tobacco plant. They later infected the tobacco plant with the virus that was expected to trigger an immune response. Tobacco plants started pumping out antibodies and proteins that neutralize and grab harmful viruses and bacteria that medical practitioners later collected to cure other patients who were suffering from Ebola. The future of the medical profession is bright with particular mention of genetically modified plants and animals.

Conclusion

In as much as the future of genetic modification in medicine could be bright, there could be concerns that overshadow the development of genetically modified medicines. As a matter of fact, there are ethical questions that have been raised with concern of genetic modification practice in agriculture and these concerns are fast approaching the medical profession. As ethical concerns still need answers that provide re assurance to the public, it is evident that genetic modification of animals and plants is uplifting the quality of life for humans and this sounds safe and well enough to grow the medical profession further.

I am very delighted to practice professional nursing and seeking a Doctor of Nursing practice I believe will present me with an opportunity to broaden my knowledge in nursing in order to practice at a higher level of the same. Improving the nursing practice for me is aimed at the Adult Gerontology primary care nurse department particularly in understanding cases of patients battling chronic diseases. My main interest is related to reducing the prevalence of obesity in patients and complications that might lead to obesity in the future. Because of the complex nature of the present health care system, the cases of chronic disease has been rising and expanding in the present. For this reason, I believe a master degree in Doctor of Nursing practice will strengthen my skills in obesity prevention.

A DNP degree will enable me make perfect preparations that are necessary to address the challenges presented in health care delivery and in an advanced practice. With the skills and knowledge that I will acquire while studying, I believe that a DNP degree will make me more autonomous, accountable and competent in an advanced practice. Practicing in Sri Lanka as a nurse in the healthcare industry, I was able to interact with patients who were mainly from low quality life and had acquired diabetes because of their poor standards of living and diet practices. The ‘here and now’ practice as well as the knowledge deficit by nurses worsened patient conditions.

With the knowledge that the health team in Sri Lanka needed to have a different practice in health care delivery, I transferred to the US to enhance my knowledge in nursing which will bring me to a comprehensive career filled with opportunities. Because of my desire to blend best health care practices with medical knowledge and holistic patient care, I believe a degree in DNP will bring me fulfillment of this desire.  I choose the elegant and stylish University of Maryland to acquire my degree because of the updated skills and knowledge platforms they offer to students. The educational environment at the University is fast changing particularly in the health department which aims at making individual nurses leaders and prepares them to be accountable in the health profession. Certainly, to provide accountability, trust and patient care in the Nursing profession, I trust Sri Lanka to bring me to the highest experience.

I was privileged to be born in a family of civil engineers and it was the care and love of my family that the passion for math and geometry grew. I was not very much interested in events, publications and innovations and so for me to have a clear idea of what I would want to specialize in, I followed my dad to work last summer. Witnessing my father at his place of work, I was able to see how people from different cultures interacted. I was intrigued in how my father shared ideas with other architects and engineers who were not from the same field. Because my father was a civil engineer, a larger amount of time at his workplace was spent on planning which included drawing and designing activities for a particular construction project.

Realizing the significance of the designed buildings to the community, I decided what I wanted to pursue in life. Because of the high affinity that I have to scientific courses particularly physics, biology and chemistry, I performed an extensive research on which course could be related to engineering. I was confident that chemical engineering was the field I would want to specialize in because it incorporates both scientific and mathematical concepts that are my favorite. Chemical engineering also includes all processes of analytical thinking that I observed at my father’s place of work as well as intriguing communication skills that propel my interest towards the field.

Studying at Yale University my desire in engineering would be fulfilled. The chemical engineering department at Yale school of engineering comes with unique and valuable research techniques that significant to my career. I trust Yale University because I believe it will provide me with a larger and robust foundation to showcase my innovations. With particular reference to the support system in the institution and its curriculum, Yale University would make a great place where my creativity can be employed thus contributing positively to the diverse community.

In an effort to regulate and control international economic positions, governments use trade policies to actively gain control over imports and exports. The imports are most affected with the use of trade barriers like tariff and non tariff international trade barriers. With such barriers, trade among nations towards a global economy has been hard to achieve. It is therefore notable to say that reduction and liberalization of trade barriers is very fundamental in driving the world towards a global economy. Courtesy of reduced world trade barriers, it is easier to achieve more and deeper integration between countries, especially developing countries (Norris & Duval, 2016).

With deeper integration, it means that country can exchange and trade in many fronts including goods, services, and even labor. By so doing developing countries with match towards improved skilled labor, technology and enjoy ready markets for their goods and services thus upgrading them towards a global economy. With reduced barriers and international trade barrier’s liberalization, there is more trading across the borders. This translates to reduction of poverty for there is more income from cross-border trading. Trade is quite pivotal in fostering private sector-oriented economic growth and creation of job opportunities (Chalkual, Peng, & Liang, 2013).

With less trade barriers, there is more import-export traffic thus more production of goods and services. Opening up the borders courtesy of reduced trade barrier means a global open market which consequently potentially contributes to the growth of the job market and development of the production in an effort to satisfy the open global market. Reducing the trade barriers and liberalization of trade amounts to an improvement of allocation of resources across sectors and firms thus a significant boost in output and production. With improved output and production, there are lots of returns from trading and this makes a huge contribution to global economy for it fosters improved quality and enhanced variety of the available and intermediate production inputs (Norris & Duval, 2016).

The more productive the sectors and firms, the more the gain in market share, though at the expense of less-productive firms. With reduced trade barriers there is an increase in competition. This helps firms exploit the economies of scale, be more innovative, absorb and embrace foreign technology in production, and improve efficiency. With such factors courtesy of competition, global economy is much near to reach for the world. Through reduced trade barriers it possible to achieve a greater comparative advantage. This includes specializing in goods of lower opportunity instead of financial costs only hence an increase in economic welfare of countries through increased overall global production with many countries entering bilateral trade agreements (Chalkual, Peng, & Liang, 2013).

However, reducing trade barriers is criticized for favoring the more-productive firms at the expense of less-productive firms. This is because the more-productive firms enjoy larger funding and gain larger shares in the market. Developing and infant producers may never thrive under the oppressive competition of the big ‘fishes’ in the global market. Countries with more restricting trade barriers and policies may enjoy better growth towards global economy too. This is because; a free and open trade world may easily lead to structural unemployment in a short run. Also increased dependence on the global market courtesy of reduced trade barriers may further cause instability in the domestic economy of countries. With increased instability, domestic producers and consumers are much likely to suffer from the downturns of a partner economy (Norris & Duval, 2016).

In a nutshell, the reduction and liberalization of world trade barriers are driving the world towards a global economy. Reduced barriers means open trade markets thus more productivity. Reduced barriers mean more and more bilateral trade unions and agreements and thus more trading engagements and traffic. With less world trade barriers, there is more borrowing and sharing of technology, improved production, competition, and innovation. However, it is believed that reduction of trade barriers may come as a disadvantage to developing and infant sector. It may lead to global market flooding and thus death to the domestic markets (Chalkual, Peng, & Liang, 2013).

Question 1

Copland discusses the three planes of listening with a focus of ‘what we listen for in music’. The three planes include the sensual plane, the expressive plane, and the sheerly musical plane. The sensual plane argues that it is not what it may sound like in music. You may be aware of the music but you don’t listen keen enough to make some adjudication on it. The expressive plane, you begin to attach some feelings to the music and visualize what the music might represent. The sheerly musical plane is the level where one can judge the music and separate it into different elements (Copland, 1957).

The three planes foster a different approach to music and calls for more focus, hearing and listening to music before judging it. It is from this that we can trace the differences there are in listening and understanding music. Listening to the three levels of music can greatly change the experience and perspective towards music (Copland, 1957).

 

Question 2

Stucky is face with two tricky but question about the target audience and how to listen to the contemporary music.  According to Stucky, one should not approach contemporary music with an expectation of the wrong things. No matter how serious the score of music may seem to be, there is always some light. Each new piece must be approach independently with some expectation for discontinuity. In addition, Stucky warns against trying too hard to understand contemporary music for it is composed through the use of elaborate and esoteric methods. One should be prepared to hear new instruments and new singing techniques influenced by other collaborating cultures. This only opens up the audience that they have a chance to like it or not (Stucky, 1993).

 

Question 3

From the readings, I gained a different approach to listening to Stucky’s Symphony. It gave me a different perspective that I should not judge the Symphony just from one level but consider all the levels yet give myself a chance to like or dislike it after such an informed listening. It should not take me ‘rocket science’ to understand the symphony but just look close for the ‘light’ in it. Above all, no matter how the symphony may sound unpleasing, it has something to appeal in it if listened to closely.

 

References

Copland, A. (1957). What to Listen for in Music, Tapestry Press.

Stucky, S. (1993). Listening to Contemporary Music, Florida State University.

In the history of the United States of America, the Progressive Era spans between the 1890s and the 1920s. It is an era that was characterized by intense political and social reforms that were intended towards making a better all-inclusive equal society. The reformers in the Progressive Era were much after harnessing the federal government power in order to do away with unfair and unethical inhuman practices, eradication of corruption, and counteracting the de-humanizing and human-dignity-demeaning social impacts of industrialization. It is during the Progressive Era that consumers’ and workers’ protections got strong, and women realized their long-sought voting rights. This paper aims at discussing the rise and decline of the Progressive Era in America with emphasis on change, periodization and the major forces in Progressive Era historiography (Edwards 2009, 463-465).

The birth of modern America foundation is traced and attributed to the Progressive Era. Therefore, Progressivism ideally refers to the various diversified social and economic responses that happened owing to the rapid industrialization and urbanization in America in the late dates of the nineteenth century. The United States of America saw unprecedented immigration in the late 1800s with hundreds of thousands of black Americans migrated to the northern cities and Americans migrated to the west and into urban areas in millions. Consequently, there were very rapid advances and developments in industrialization and technology (Johnston 2002, 68-70).

Though the urban cities and its environs enjoyed running waters supply and electricity, the farmers in the rural areas found it very hard in maintaining their farms as they sought to overcome very costly machinery, stiff competition, and low prices. For this reason, progressivism began just as a social movement towards coping up with the many social needs of that time and later grew into a reforms movement. The pioneers of progressivism were against Social Darwinism, and strongly believed that the problems of the society (poverty, violence, poor education, stratification war, greed, poor health, and racial discrimination), could be done away with by a better governance, better education systems, safer environment, and more efficient places of work. Mainly college-educated dwellers in the urban areas, the progressives held a strong believe that the only effect tool for change and a better equal America for all was the government (Muncy 1994, 99-103).

During the Progressive Era, there were a variety of important players who relentlessly to make America conscious and aware of the social ills that plagued many of the vulnerable and marginalized communities. Among these players were investigative journalists aka ‘muckrakers’  for instance Jacob Riis, who exposed corruption and showcased the poor health conditions among the poor, thus helping in inspiring reformist legislation at national and state levels. Other players included religious figure who strived to unify the secular and the sacred towards expansively demanding for social change reforms. They were against the individualism notion and advocated for a larger Christian community with pragmatism becoming the mode of teaching.  Pragmatists, for instance John Dewy, identified schools as fundamental tools for change not just gunning for government support but also seeking for direct influence towards transformations and changes to the government (Johnston 2002, 83-90).

Also, women had very centrifugal roles in the Progressive Era. In groups, they powerfully fought for gender equality, public kindergartens creation, prison reforms, daycare for working women children’, and support facilities for needy children. The women’s groups also pushed for the legislation of women voting rights, thus the Nineteenth Amendment, and the workplace mandatory health and safety measures creation. Other players included individuals in specialized and professional roles, like engineers, doctors, progressive business people, teachers and layers, raised the demand for systematic licensing and professionalization in their specific jobs. They sought to minimize corruption, fraud, and push for a more efficient and effective government. The workers’ association and labor unions started boycotts and strikes to stem-demand for their rights and demands calling for new social order (Johnston 2002, 76-83).

Nationally, progressivism achieved major support in 1901, the time when Theodore Roosevelt was elected the president of America. He strongly held the belief that although strong corporations were beneficial for the country, they had to be consistently scrutinized and monitored for greed and corruption. In addition, the president gunning for progressivism, more progressives found their way to the Congress. Consequently, federal programs were established, for instance the Children’s Bureau. Likewise, the 1920 Sheppard-Towner Act aka Promotion of the Welfare of Hygiene of Maternity and Infancy Act became the first primary federal health-care program. It was such a groundbreaking Act too for its campaigns, and the way its educated and sensitized Americans on the merits of good healthcare and better social conditions for children and women (Muncy 1994, 213-222).

However, the Progressive Era did not continue further after the World War I as it effectively declined when the war horrors openly exposed the potential of humanity for mass cruelty and large-scale destruction. Also many of the Americans no more had confidence in progressivism and started associating President Woodrow Wilson’s progressive slogan (‘the war to make the world safe for democracy’), with the war. The World War I which needed a lot of focus, the welfare capitalism success and worker fragmentation contributed to the decline of the Progressive Era too (McGerr 2005, 366-381).

 

The degree to which employee voice is appreciate, promoted and engaged with an organization is pivotal to the ability of that organization to adapt to new concepts of efficiency, equity and voice. It actively … treating employees as individuals rather than as a collective may mean managers can … A tonal shift from the traditional perspectives that place … employee unions to trends towards active development of more direct, intra-organizational mechanisms which  are much aligned with the organizational culture is necessary toward the profitable collective bargaining power which yields more employee satisfaction hence better performance for a successful, efficient and empowered organization.

The incorporation of unions and employee unions in change conversations and decision making secures the future for it prevents backlash in times of management-employee longer heads. Symbiotic relationships are very vital to ensuring collaborative and constructive decision-making process. With open dialogues and treating employees as individuals, employees become more reasonable and managers gain better understanding of employees and help them deal well with their diverse interests and needs. This means better output for the organization and therefore more profits. Therefore, finding the correct balance between direct management-employee processes and indirect processes through employee unions much benefit a successful, effective, and efficient cost base for employees become more comfortable and own the decisions and changes made within the organization.

Leadership frameworks and discussions are always developed to help leaders deal with the complexity of current issues that face leadership. In the present, organizations keep on evolving from a bureaucratically form of structure that is internal to an external form of structure to a structure that is controlled externally. This has led to further forms of complexities in organizational leadership structures while leaders are called upon to develop sense making frameworks in how they run the same organizations. For the reason of defining sense in leadership, Mohammed Saad developed his own discussion of how leaders can make their management sensible. He begins his discussion by defining sense making and discusses how it is crucial in organizational activities especially those that lie at the center of management functions. According to him, in his discussion, sense making should be a continuous process just like leadership itself.

Borrowing from previous works of leadership and sense making, Mohammed in his discussion also discusses how sense can be achieved. In his discussion, he goes further and discusses how sense making can impact an organization influencing decision making and other significant process involved in management as well. Even as his discussion revolves around sense making, Mohammed limits his discussion to a context within organizational domains. The primary focus of his study is to provide a review of how and when leaders can endorse sense in attempts to influence organizational outcomes. Mohammed in his discussion also investigates the different methodologies used in sense making existing research and makes a conclusion based on his own reflections and the outcomes of leadership activities. Just like any other research, the author employs the use of two database systems to explain the origin of leadership and sense making. Sense making is not as a result of understanding how already developed processes work but rather the author discusses the process of sense making as a retrospective rational process that allows individuals to extract and identify all perceptual cues from circumstances around them.

Ultimately, to give meaning to the sense making process, the author discusses the sense making process particularly in relation to finding meaning in day to day events and tries to discourage the understanding of sense making process as an automated cognitive response. His discussion further summarizes sense making as an individual’s commitment to compare existing knowledge the life processes that are ongoing. He also tries to challenge already developed framework that discuss sense making to be more of cognitive processing and not social processing. He makes a conclusion that sense making especially in leadership functions does cannot be understood as being cognitive or social but rather he argues that sense making is a process of developing cognitive models that help a leader understand the activities in their environment. To make the discussion complete and contextual, he provides a discussion on how sense making takes place in the context of leadership. He develops an integrative framework of how sense making can be perfectly applied in leadership structures and the numerous events that preceded leadership behavior and consequences of the same behaviors in order to differentiate sense making behaviors.

He develops and discusses the complexities involved in leadership that addresses environments that keep on changing and relates the same to sense making process. in his discussion, the author also a mental model of behavior as an illustration of how the environment works and what actually needs to be done in order to gain mutual understanding between leaders and disciples. From this understanding, the author develops a different concept of sense giving as a fundamental requirement in leadership and sense making process. Sense giving in this discussion is discusses are a process in which leaders have effect on how people in their environment construct meaning.  In reference to existing literatures on sense making and leadership, this discussion makes an analysis of the major impacts that sense making have on leadership. As a fundamental outcome, this discussion points out the collective influence and outcome that sense making brings in support of leadership.

In proof of the consequences of leadership behavior, the author also develops a systematic understanding of research methods that can be used to influence understanding of how sense making affect leadership. In support of existing scholar discussion, this paper utilizes the understanding of mathematical models to analyze the impact of sense making process in leadership. It discusses the mathematical model as an uncommon technique in sense making studies that derives its meaning from collaborative actions that influence other peoples’ behavior in the same context of leadership.  To conclude his discussion, the author discusses sense making as a continuous process for leaders who want to maximize proper management of organization and people at the same time. By extracting rational meanings from individual interactions and environment, this discussion presents an understanding of sense making as a process that is not limited to organizational procedures only. The paper clearly attempts to provide a review of when and how leaders can use sense making process to influence institutional outcomes. Ultimately, sense making is discusses as an inseparable interaction of leaders and situational interactions.