The name Clinton River Watershed website is a profiled online community website that is located along Avon District. To kick of the information on the website, the organization begins by outlining its goals and mission statement ‘to provide every means for prevention of cruel actions to rivers and the animals surviving in it. The organization from the ‘about us’ information seems to be a non-profit organization that works fulltime with an aim of fulfilling its mission of caring for not only rivers but the larger ecology system. In fulfilling their mission, the information on the website provides positive outcomes that could be gained from reducing animal risk and providing justice to victims of ecology cruelty. Apart from using the website, the organization also makes use of television adverts in encouraging people to be part of the organization by adopting or donating. Primarily, the main audiences for the content in this website are donors/ Sponsors.

The websites organization, the layout and the content is purposely for enticing the audience to donate money. Examining the webpage shows how the site builders were careful in planning and designing the elements on the website. Those logging onto the website cannot avoid the large picture that shows a river is a rectangle shape across the top most page of the website. Apart from the river that cuts across the page, there are different pages that also contain slideshows of other pictures showing the initiative of protecting nature. Each of the pictures provides a close up of boats, water bodies that the organization is working towards protecting. One out of the four pictures is clear in blue link that shows visitors how they can be part of the foundation by donating in a statement that reads ‘Donate to CRWC’. Such like adverts are necessary for the organization because without donation, there is no other way the public is made part of such like programs. The design principles used in this website reflect and appeal to the public because of the use of nature colors that send a message of conservation from the pictures and bold writings.

All of the pictures have information below that gives additional information on the picture and the subtopic which is equally necessary to understand the website wholly. I believe the pictures are used to add a personal touch to the contents of the website. Website visitors might develop a feeling of guilt if they fail to donate money after information on how ecology has been damaged and yet the website reveals how the public can be part of saving the environment. The website designers I believe employed much of pathos through by showing the dried up tree along the watershed. Comparing the third photo with the first photo makes website visitors want to be part of ecology protection to bring the dry tree back to life (similar to the trees in the first picture). The sad photos somehow become the main focus of the website because it manages to convince people to be part of the monetary donations. The website also plays a role on viewer’s emotions by including past stories that are directly related to environment and water conservation and how the public has benefitted through it.

For instance, the website story of volunteering in the watershed project is stories that move the public. The first photo contains a story that adds more to the general purpose of the website; attracting the public to be involved in the general cause of the organization. The logos used in the website stem from the overall logo used in the organization. The website makes use of minimal style and a combination of simple colors of green blended with other shades of blue and green that act as representation of nature. The different sections of the website are accumulated into small square shapes making it easy to navigate through the website and find information easily. The rest of the webpage located at the top of the river picture contains information about the organization, the movement, resources used in the movement and supporters among other information. On the middle left part of the website, a help kick off project is advertised with reference to protection and enhancement of the river watershed.

The advertisement is in the form of an upcoming program that calls for the public to volunteer and be part of. Since the website designers manage to compile abundant information, the society within this organization appears profession and perfectly managed to the viewers. And because people have value for their money, they will only donate to groups that are viewed as well organized and attractive thus such groups tend to attract more donations compared to those companies that exclude illegitimacy and order. Apart from displaying pathos and logos, the website’s designers also employ established ethos which is evident in the designing of their site. This is evident in the inclusion of other social media links found at the top and at the bottom of the page that makes the organization look updated with regard to social trends and technology. Additionally, in as much as the website has particular audience of donors, it is equally evident that every other member of the public can participate in the movement.

The audience is an embodiment of everyone and anyone. The website contains links of how to be part of the organization and get involved in the organization instead of developing links of what the organization represents and maybe visitors of the site already have an idea of what the organization represents and so logging onto the site is a way to find out how they can be part of the effort. Those visiting the site make assumptions from the site layout that the implied knowledge about the organization is a direct reflection of how the movement uses its energy towards achieving its goals. Clinton River watershed movement organization from the look at its websites has an understanding that most people recognize what they do and that is why they designed the website in a simple way to allow people be part of and donate to their efforts in other ways. With much focus on the words used on the website, I believe these words act as a contribution to the public emotions particularly to entice people into being part of the conservation efforts. Generally, the website and all advertisements within in use ethos, logos and pathos in different but effective ways to aid in the promotion of the mail objective of the organization. The layout together with the pictures are depict a determined, trustworthy and organized movement although this side is also disadvantaged in the sense that it cannot be used in oral communication effectively as in television advertisements. With little pictures and information that is straight forward, the website remains appealing to the public and takes a step in encouraging them to engage in a guild-free conscience exercise.

Overview

Being exposed to bright light has been experimented in the past as the only way to protect animals against myopia. The most popular studies that have been instrumental in studying human myopia have always incorporated the use of questionnaires in a qualitative form while at the same time administering retrospection. The use of questionnaire in the past has produced results that greatly agree with more than one objective measures being used in investigating myopia. This paper seeks to quantify the use of questionnaire in studying myopia. This objective will be achieved through looking at historical investigations where questionnaires were incorporated in historical studies. Young adult, adult as well as children who are myopes and non-myopes would be used as participants and present with light sensor that could be continuously used for weeks while the investigation is still underway. These participants were also made to complete questionnaires regarding their visual activities. Historically, the use of questionnaires would be analyzed after light data was collected with respect to refracted error and season while the objective sensor information was compared to estimates of subjects and how much time they spent outdoors and indoors.

Historically and even as reflected in the present use of questionnaires in studying myopia, errors in refraction were not correlated to the maximum light intensity, frequency of intensity changes, cumulative light or the time spent in bright exposures of light. Participant estimates using questionnaires in the past though were in poor agreement as compared to data collect using questionnaires in light with the same presently. Presently, the use questionnaires presently suggest that light exposure to participant could be influence with as little as a two minute frequency changes. Below is a questionnaire based investigation breakdown from as early as during the mid-1990s and how these investigations through the use of questionnaires exposed the risk of myopia from light intensity.

A twin study was carried out by Parassinen et al (1993) investigating the risk of acquiring myopia between children between grade 3 and 5. Parassinen et al. (1993) used questionnaire and cyclo-refraction to study the risk of acquiring myopia in children between grade 3 and 5. In his questionnaire, his questions revolved around the amount of time that his subjects spent every day on near work-out in schools and how many hours they spent on outdoor activities and sporting as well. His study was developed to provide a disapproval of the factor of heredity and how his subjects acquired myopia from exposure to high light intensity and outdoor activities.

Quinn et al (1999) developed the next investigation that continued the historical trend in the use of questionnaire in investigating myopia. Basing his study in the United States, this author was interested in investigating participants between the ages of 2-16 in a cross sectional kind of study. Solely relying on questionnaires, the author revealed that exposure to light before the age of two years and after the age of two years affected eye sight. His questions revolved around how much light children before the age of two and after the age of two are exposed to.

Gwiazda et al. (2000) using took the history of questionnaire and myopia to the next level. His participants were between the ages of 2-24 from the United States. In his study, he combined the use of questionnaires with the use of a non-cycloretinoscopy. The author asked questions about the child’s exposure to light before and presently at the age of two years and also asked the parents of the child the rate at which the children managed to remember the conditions they were presented with during night time and whether these conditions were favorable.

In 2002, Mutti et al using participants from United States and performed another investigation on myopia using the questionnaire and the auto cyclo refraction. Reading for pleasure, engaging in sports activities, watching TV, reading for pleasure, reading for school assignments and playing computer games were the questions that this researcher presented to his participants. The reliability of this research was determined after viewing the Parssinen questionnaire. The reporting questionnaire proved to be incomplete because it failed to address the basic requirements of myopia. Just like many other authors throughout history, Mutti (2002) developed his investigation basing on the scare part that the world lacks a clear understanding on the mechanism in which myopia is developed. This means that by developing questions in regard to out or activities and light intensity, researchers try to find out how we can prevent it from re-occurring in the future.

To continue with the main aim of myopia research, Jones et al (2007) in his study used the auto cyclo refraction as well as the questionnaire to study myopia. Jones Jordan et al (2011); (2012) shared similar results and questions similar to Jones (2007). For all Jones papers, he asked questions with reference to how much time his participants engaged in outdoor activities as well as sporting. In his study, this researcher tried to address the current and most likely future impacts on the health of individuals.

Because Jones papers were considered not reliable basing on the Parssinen questionnaire, Saw et al (2007) used a larger number of participants and this time round outside the boarders of the US and investigated among Singapore, China and Xiamen. In a cross sectional study, the researcher used questionnaires and the auto refraction method. His study was based on questions on how much time his participants took in studying, exposure to night club lights, onset of myopia, additional classes and reading weekly publications. The same researcher in 2006 used participants in Singapore alone and asked questions on ethnicity, monthly income, daily reading of books, and the time spent on near work, wearing glasses and the kind of prescriptions for the same glasses.

Rose et al., (2008) investigated participants between the age of 6-12years in a cross-sectional study in Australia. Her research was overtaken by the work of Lu et al (2009) and Low et al (2010) that investigated Asian countries and developed their own questionnaires that looked at the history of myopia in the family of their participants as well as Dirani et al (2009). Apart from looking at how much time their participants take to work, these authors considered the difference between work during weekdays and weekends.

Saw et al (2012) once again in 2012 performed another research using the WHO questionnaire and the following year Schmid et al. (2013) also developed his own questionnaire with focus on the time his participants took in travelling and the time spent indoors as well as French et al (2013). Read et al 2015 used participants between the ages of 10-15 in Australia in a cross sectional study used the WHO questionnaire with non cyclo refraction. In 2015, He et al (2015) used participants from China also using the WHO questions in establishing the history between the questionnaire and myopia.  This study revealed how myopia has become a worldwide concern in the issue of public health. This research also revealed that is as much as it is a great concern it affects   the quality of life and the prevalence of the disease is likely to increase dramatically in decades.

The precautionary principles basically states that ‘is an action or behavior has potential suspected risk of causing the public harm or causing harm to the larger environment in the lack of a scientific approval, the burden of proof that this action is not harmful would fall on those performing that action. The precautionary principle is applied not only by developed countries but other developing countries that are also engaged in possible decisions that would cause harm to people and the environment. In a nutshell, this principle is centered on the factor of social responsibility in protection of the public from plausible risk. Gedeon Ritcher, GlaxosmithKline pharmaceutical companies are among the firms that have designed their productions and overall organizational procedures in protecting the public and the environment in its cause of procedures. As a large pharmaceutical company, Gedeon Richter has put much emphasis on preventing and aiding in a continuous decreased of environmental negativities with its activities, GlaxoSmithKline on the other hand has combined its traditions and an extensive scientific knowledge in applying modern expectation to meet full the demands of the precautionary principle.

Question 2

Oroville Dam Spillway failures could be as a result of human factors. There was a flashing warning sign of the dam collapsing were triggered by human factors that led to a catastrophic failure. The lack of a transparent leadership and official to discern the upcoming danger was invincible. The officials engage in non-sober acts that authorized the digging up of sand below the dam causing water to rise above safety for the public. Apart from the first authorization by the officials, the authorized again another 32 million cubic meters of water that caused the whole catastrophe leading the death of 230,000 people.  Understanding the Oroville dam spillway failure comes with an understanding of regulatory failures in the same industry. The failures were a depiction that government regulators have not been out to protect the public welfare and that of the environment. This is because even the day of evacuation, the federal agency department could not initiate a faster a proper design for minimizing the danger of the spillway or design an emergency route that would repair the damage already caused by the further degradation of the spillway. The ecology dialogue and externalities under the environmental protection acts as dialogue failed to apply in this concepts. Digging up the sand underneath acted as a way to destroy natural habitats for organisms living in the dam. Externalities failed to take into account the people living around the dam. Applying the precautionary principle would have significantly reduced the damage caused by the dam later.

Question 3

Climate change has continued to be a hot topic for discussion this century. I believe a bottom up approach would work better when planning a social movement that aims at protecting the environment. The bottom up approach required us to build a base of relationships and constituencies that support the movement. From base building, we can go ahead and bring together policy makers, environmental experts and business people together with the bases at the bottom to help create a plan to support climate change actions. In environmental protection, we cannot achieve anything by failing to engage the crowds at the bottom because we are likely to lack the support we need.

Question 4

With the increasing discussions of global warming I think air pollution is the most intriguing discussion because it is closely linked to greenhouse emissions that are released to warm the planet and cause danger to public health. I think air pollution would get the most popular vote because of its significance in public health concerns as well. I think the many solutions of environmental degradation can be treated by answering to the call of climate change in a concerted effort.

Q1-Specific learning goals

The coming week, I am planning to have a meeting with MHG Stroke Director to investigate more on her job responsibilities and what exactly she does in community outreaches. While meeting the Stroke Director, I am planning to have an efficient and thorough documentation of patent admission rates with reference to the stroke illness. At the same time, I plan to design a clear documentation on the nature of progress of every patient in both inpatients and outpatient encounters. After noting down the progress, I will go ahead and take notes on the common ambulatory conditions and settings for stroke patients. With guidance from the stroke director, I have a plan to effectively and efficiently navigate through the electric management record systems to look at all available records for patients suffering from stroke and after this plan on how to attain patient safety as discussed by Steven, Magnusson, Smith & Pearson (2014)

Question 2-Community Practice

During my community practice, I plan to attend a mental health community practice at the County of Los Angeles neighborhood. Because there are many agencies that have come in to provide us with support from shared resources, alongside my team, I will be planning to create awareness in the community on how these resources can and should be used to treat mental disorders. I realized that care givers are not only trained for meeting the hospital needs of mental patients alone but highly trained as well to meet community needs through finding resources that can help eliminate certain mental conditions in the community. At the community practice in the future, I hope to be highly involved in different and many kinds of community practices to help all community members. I am hoping to mingle on a personal level with community members to find out their individual special mental needs and respond to the from community practice as discussed by (D’Souza, Karkada, Parahoo, Venkatesaperumal 2015).

Models of quality

Quality management has been the term used to describe the philosophy that causes quality to be a major driving force for design, leadership, improvement of initiates and planning. For quality to be complete, help from two models is required and these two models can be grouped into categories of foundation and mortar binding. Quality is as a result of integrity, ethics and trust foundations. Foundation is built on fairness, openness, sincerity and allowing everyone to be part of the leadership process (Ganiyu, Uche & Elizabeth 2012). All these three factors move together. Ethics is the discipline that the management sets to deal with good and bad situations. Integrity is an implication of values, honesty, morals and adherence to sincerity while trust is the byproduct of ethical conduct and integrity. The model of binding mortar is made complete through communication. Communication is what binds everything together beginning from the foundation to the top. Communication is the main link to quality because all vital elements of quality are hidden in the model and element of communication.

Who is responsible?

Quality management is a set of management practices and therefore this means that the management is responsible for maintaining quality. However, everyone within the business is responsible for maintaining quality from the subordinates to the top most management (Ganiyu, Uche & Elizabeth 2012). In a business, everyone must be made to be an important part in ensuring quality is met and the customer is delighted.

How is it performed?

Oversight and management is performed in a long term approach to success and done through customer satisfaction. In achieving quality, oversight and management is performed by allowing all employees within the organization to be part of the product and service as well as culture improvement process. Oversight and management is done from the principles, models and building blocks of quality.

US Airways 1549 Crash

The United States airway flight 1549 scheduled to fly on January 15, 2009 from New York City LaGuardia Airport (LGA) to Charlotte Douglas (CLT) and Seattle at Tacoma international airport in Washington State reported a crash. The airbus powered with two CFM56 turbofan engines, flew a direct onward service (Tail strike, 2017). The incident occurred on 15 January 2009. The plane took off in the fourth LaGuardia’s runway at 3:24:56 pm, and reported of being airborne at 700 feet and climbing. It struck a flock having Canadian geese at 2818 attitude (859m) northwest of the airport. The view of the pilot filled with large birds, as passengers reported loud bangs of birds and flames from the engines. The engine flame filled with silence and fuel odor. Sullen Berger controlled the plane after the shutdown of the engine as other skies attempted to restart the engine. A further climb could not save the situation, but only a glide descent to 1650 feet (Tail strike, 2017).

The call sign Cactus 1539 radioed New York terminal radar approach control (TRACON). He reported hitting birds and turning towards LaGuardia. The attempt to land in New Jersey was impossible. The plane ditched and in the middle of North River the section of Hudson tidal estuary. The landing speed was 240 km/h. Upon landing pilot Sulenberger ordered the passenger to evacuate through the cockpit door, which he opened. The four over wing windows served as exits for passengers into an inflatable slide/raft that was deployed from front right passenger door. Water entered through a rear door, a hole that passes fuel and cargo doors. The nearby boats facilitated the rescue procedure, a Jason cradle owned by Governor Thomas H. Kean, and ferry crew rescued passengers on the wings. Medical help from agencies treated the passengers. Fortunately, no passenger died from the incident (Tail strike, 2017).

The success of aircraft 1549 came from the skills of experienced cabin crew. The pilot (Chesley B.’Sully’ Sullenberger’), in command was 57 years old, with great experience since 1980. He had already logged 19,663 hours since he started working as a pilot, and additional 4765 hours in A320 flight. He was an established expert in the aviation safety. His training included 15,643 flight hours in A320 airbus where he qualified as a pilot. His qualification led to boarding of 150 passengers and three attendants in the flight.

The pilot directed the passengers to exit through cockpit door. The flight attendants directed passengers to keep calm and pass through appropriate exits. It is very possible that they had closed airplane valves, openings, and intakes that would have led water inside the plane. Most probably, they pushed the ditching button to seal the valves and openings that would have allowed water in the plane. They increased buoyancy of the plane allowing it to float on water long enough for everybody to move out.

The landing can be regarded as textbook since the pilot, Sullenberger landed on Hudson similar to the way he would land on a runway. It seems he had gained enough experience to manipulate some tactics of landing since there was no engine power. In addition, the pilot managed to fly the plane on water as slow as possible, a technique that is not possessed by many pilots. The landing was noted since the pilot did not panic which avoided many deaths. The skile officers performed their job of checking any error and restarting the engine within shortest time. They did not wait any minute but were quick to establish a safer place for the aircraft to land. Were it not for their quick steps the plane would have landed on a populated area.

Q1

There is a significant difference in mathematics scores and this is notable in the difference in high and low means. The low mean math score is recorded at nine while the high mean score is recorded at twenty. This means there is a difference in performance that later leads to the large difference in low mean and high mean math scores. Looking at the group mean scores, there is equally a difference in student performance with regard to the mathematics discipline. The mean score between groups and within specific groups show a difference in mathematics scores. However, in as much as there is a difference in performance, the difference is minimal and would not be noted in individual student performance but would only be spotted when calculating the mean and standard deviation of the total student performance. The difference in score is evident but is only significant when calculating the mean and standard deviation. Otherwise, the difference would be insignificant when looking at specific student performance.

Q2

A difference in performance particularly in mathematics has always been understood from the concept of gender. It is very common to find one gender particularly the male gender performs better and far much better than the female gender. Looking at the table 2, the standard deviation reveals the huge difference in male and female performance even though means scores reveal a slight and insignificant difference in performance. Looking at the results presented in table 2, the male group records an exceptional performance compared to their female counterparts and the difference is evident in the calculation of standard deviation. Unlike table 1, the difference in gender performance with regard to mathematics is significant in calculating the existing difference in standards deviation. So, yes there is a significant difference in gender performance and scores as revealed in table 2.

Q3

Ethnicity is the very first variable that has a significant correlation with how students are able read and perform in languages. Ethnicity is explained from the origin where an individual comes from; the first language an individual is exposed to before joining school and the very first interactions a person has; looking at table three, ethnicity records the highest forms of correlation followed by teacher effectiveness.  Teacher effectiveness has significant correlation to how students respond to reading proficiencies and language art scores. When the teacher performs perfect language pronunciations, students including those from poor ethnicities will follow soot. Group proficiency also records high correlation levels because of the effect of friends on friends. Peers have the ability to influence the level of fluency of other individuals and thus records high performance as well.

Q5

In tables 4 and 5, it is evident that group proficiency is the dependent variable while education level is the independent variable. Taking for example a group that has lower educational level and compare it to a group with higher levels of education, it is expected that the group with high education level will have proper group proficiency compared to their counterparts. This means that education level stands on its own while group proficiency depends on the level of education of individuals within the group. In table five, the dependent variable is teacher coach efficiency while the independent variable is teacher ethnicity. Ethnicity determines how the teacher will pronounce certain words and his pronunciation determines how the rest of the class will read and pronounce. Once the teacher’s ethnicity enables him to have fair pronunciation, then teacher coach effectiveness in improved.

Experiencing consolidation in memory, sleep and dreaming

Summary

Numerous evidences brought together have suggested that dreaming is as a result of a consolidation memory during sleep. It is universally known and established that post learning sleep is important for the performance of human memory. Similarly, it has been known for the longest time that learning experiences affect the content of sleeping. In this research, we evaluate the new evidence that encoded memories are consolidated and reactivated in the side of the brain that is asleep and that this whole process is reflected directly in dreaming which later provides a trusted window of where the functions of sleep are performed. In all the stages of sleep, as we shall reveal in the result section, the brain as well as the mind work together to process new memories and later consolidate them into the long term memory storage thus integrating information that has been acquired lately with earlier period experience.

In previous researches regarding this topic, researchers have gathered evidence that has demonstrated the benefits of post learning sleep to the performance of the human memory while performing numerous tasks including verbal learning, emotional memory, procedural skill learning and spatial navigation. In this research, we show how memory appears nightly at the mention of dreams while research on animals reveal how pre-sleep experience is replayed during post learning sleep. Memory consolidation that is dependent on sleep has been examined extensively in this researches to show how the brain works during the activity of sleep. In this research, we conclude that the evidence of the activities of the brain and the mind are vital approaches to understand memory consolidation in pre and post sleep patterns. Previous works have suggested that dream experiences from sleep are as a direct reflection of the memory processes in the brain.

Many entrepreneurs are always convinced that they are the only one who holds the success of the company because they have a vision to build a great company. Holding the vision for the company to them comes with the belief that they should be the only ones running it. Although there is some degree of truth to this statement because the founder has an idea of what kind of partners he wants, what kinds of opportunities he should be bringing to the business, what kinds of innovative products they should be creating and who their potential clients are. This information alone is not enough for running the business as discussed in the previous chapters of this book. Chapter nine of this book goes beyond what goes in the mind of the founder. Chapter nine breaks down the existing dilemmas in the group of investors.

Investors are individuals who provide a business with financial, social and human capital that is needed not only for a startup but for running the business as well. This chapter breaks down the different investor types as well as the different amounts and value they introduce to the business. With the capital support the investors come with, chapter nine of this book also takes us through the different that stakeholders come with. The author brings us to a higher level of comparison when he compared the tradeoff of entrepreneurs borrowing money from angel investor, friends and family and venture capitalists. Apart from looking at the founding team issues, this chapter goes ahead and looks at the issues of capital and finances as well as the risks that come as a result of bringing investors into the company’s scale.

The key to success in any business is in reporting risks prior to occurrence. Problems and risks cannot be solved unless they become a reality. However, risk management has made it easier for businesses to made problems a reality even before occurrence. With every business, financial risk is a problem that is given so much weight compared to other business risks (Barr & Dowding 2012). For every business particular those that are not out to make profit and rely on community financial contributions, financial risk is a major problem. Looking at healthcare statistics in financing, a higher percentage of healthcare organizations depend on donors and the community to fund their projects on an annual basis. However, donors and community support are mostly given to healthcare organizations that are out to give back to the society and provide community-centered care.

Many community healthcare organizations tend to rely much on philanthropic donations to provide service to the community. With the increase in funding and donations, business planner in healthcare organizations tend to assume that these donations with automatically be made when its time. Financial planners should not rely on financial donations when preparing the budget because every budget should be prepared without factoring in any donations (Barr & Dowding 2012). It would also be hard for Debbie to balance her calculations for the future and the present when donations are added and thus she might not be able to come up with actual calculations needed for the next phase of business. Not having donation calculations in her budget provides Debbie with the ability to design real calculations, balancing every unfavorable variance that might arise in the next business phase.

Financial operations have changed over time. In the past, financial developers were allowed to use donor information to design a budget for the next business phase. With most non-profit organizations still wishing to retain this factor, it has proven difficult for non-profit organizations to transit to the new financial demands. With all the uncertainties of the present, what happens when we have full donor representation and information on the budget and fail to receive the full amount? Wong-Hammond and Damon (2013) report that business targets and plans should be trimmed to help in planning in the event investors fail to remit the whole amount.