Budgeting for School District

Create a PowerPoint presentation to share with a group of student teachers to help them understand school budgets. In your presentation differentiate between the major parts of your school district’s budget and specify revenue sources for funds needed to meet annual budget requirements.

Incorporate appropriate animations, transitions, and graphics as well as “speaker notes” for each slide. The speaker notes may be comprised of brief paragraphs or bulleted lists.

Length: 10-12 slides (with a separate reference slide)
Notes Length: 50-100 words for each slide

Be sure to include citations for quotations and paraphrases with references in APA format and style

Government Ethics Article Summary Instructions1.Find a news article from a current periodical that focuses on ethics in government. Be sure that the article has to do with an ethical issue in conducting government (e.g., abuse of power or corruption) or an ethical issue in the structure of government (how the system is set up)—NOT an ethical issue government may be asked to solve (e.g., gender equality or abortion)2.Follow the guidelines below about your article:A.The article must be recent—within the last six months.B.The periodical may be electronic (web-based) or print.C.The periodical must be a reputable, responsible, and have a track record of journalistic integrity. (For example, the New York Times, Washington Post, Time Magazine). Blogs and unknown sources will not count.3.Summarize the central ethical issue discussed in the article.4.Argue for an ethical resolution of the specific issue.5.Discuss policies a business might consider to help avoid the issue in the future.The paper should be at least two pages, double spaced, 12 pt. font. Cite your article appropriately according to either MLA or APA standards

This essay is to examine the care 22 year old woman who attended for an annual review having been treated with prednisolone due to a chest infection 2 months ago. The annual review took place in a GP’s surgery in the North West of England.

The professionals involved in his care were a Nurse Practitioner and a Practice Nurse who is undertaking a level 5 Asthma course.

NICE Guidelines were used to assess and implement further care and treatment.

The main points that will be covered in this essay are how NICE guidelines have been implemented to manage the control of her symptoms and achieve the best possible pulmonary function with minimal side effects.

The essay will explore the importance of promoting self-management of the condition. During the case study four main areas will be identified as being important, information, self-monitoring, regular asthma reviews and a written personal action plan. The effectiveness of the use of a self-management plan has been evaluated in improving overall asthma care, in studies it appears that self-management education in over sixteen year olds results in reduced hospitalisation, A+E visits, unscheduled GP visits and less days lost through illness from school or work, 1.

There are several strategies required for successfully management of asthma. The first is ensuring the correct diagnosis has been made. Management of asthma, this involves the use of medications to treat both the inflammation and therefore the symptoms, advice about avoiding triggers and education about the disease and it’s management.

The woman had attended for her annual review, she had been diagnosed as having asthma 12 months ago following a structured history of her symptoms and spirometry reversal, FeNO testing wasn’t available at the time of her diagnosis.

The first stage of the annual review is to ascertain the patient’s history and current asthma status. This is an extremely important part of the review to understand the nature of the condition at present. ‘Due to the fact that Asthma is so variable  a patient with a long standing diagnosis of asthma can find that the condition can vary in nature this can mean that the frequency of symptoms and the triggers can change over time’ 2. As there is currently no gold standard test available to diagnose asthma 3, history taking was conducted following NICE guidelines on components of a structured interview. The patient’s history showed that she has had a moderate exacerbation recently, following an upper respiratory viral infection, which was treated with oral steroids prednisolone 40mg daily for 5 days.

 

 

 

A patient centred consultation was conducted, the aims of this were to explore the patient’s understanding of her condition and the problems she is confronted with on a daily basis. It also enables the patient to negotiate and contribute to her personal action plan. Fradd (1996) observes that negotiation is about encouraging involvement in the decision making process, to promote concordance. 4

The patient was weighed and height measured, her BMI was 24, within normal limits. Her peak Flow was measured which was 75% of her best.

The interview was carried out according to NICE guidelines, Asthma control will be monitored at every review. Confirmation of the person’s adherence to prescribed treatment. Inhaler technique to be reviewed and treatment change if necessary. Other triggers or presence of occupational asthma established if relevant. 5

The consultation was conducted using open questions and closed questions only when necessary. This gives the patient longer to talk about their symptoms and the effect they have on their daily life.

At the time of the review the patient is currently prescribed medication at step 1 of the step wise approach management, it was a short acting beta-2-agnonist (SABA) as required. She presented in surgery describing symptoms of a cough with no mucous production. The cough occurred during the night, waking her and disturbing sleep nightly, and in the morning on waking. A wheeze was described, how it sounds and how it feels were explored. Intermittent shortness of breath was also described, particularly on exertion. This was preventing her from doing many household activities which she was finding distressing as she was reliant on her husband. She was struggling to walk up a flight of stairs and was sleeping downstairs alone most nights.

It would appear at this stage of the interview that Asthma was not well controlled and is having a significant impact on her own and her husband’s lives.

The next stage of the interview process is to establish why her condition isn’t well controlled and what trigger factors may be present. She appeared to have a runny nose and itchy eyes, she described a feeling of having mucous at the back of her throat. She currently takes no medication for allergic Rhinitis. On examination her nasal passages were inflamed. She describes this as something she suffers with on a yearly basis but her symptoms are better during the colder months.

In conclusion it would appear that this patient has an exacerbation of Asthma and has allergic rhinitis. It indicates that asthma is atopic and would benefit from treatment of allergic rhinitis with a steroidal nasal spray, along with cetirizine that she is currently taking, world allergy. Org say that nasal steroid treatment improves both allergic rhinitis symptoms along with symptoms of asthma, reducing bronchial hyperresponsivness. 6

 

The use of Ventolin was explored, it became obvious that only 50% of prescriptions had been collected and that Ventolin was being used 4-5 times per day at least 3 days per week. It was only being used when the patient felt that it was absolutely necessary. At several points during the interview the patient mentioned that she was frightened of becoming addicted to certain medications. She spoke about it in relation to simple analgesia both oral. It was suggested to her, using paraphrasing, that addiction seemed to be a fear for her. She spoke of the fact that her father is an alcoholic and that she is frightened of becoming addicted to any medication.

In accordance with NICE guidelines pragmatic thresholds to define asthma were used prior to initiating any further medication, these proved this patient has uncontrolled asthma. She has 3 days a week with required use of a SABA for symptomatic relief, 7. Which means that, in accordance with NICE guidelines, an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) is offered as first line therapy. This could prove challenging for this patient due to her existing fears and beliefs. In BMC pulmonary medicine they described how further questioning as to what a patient’s goals and aspirations asthma control and the impact on her life is necessary to explore further beliefs and concerns about treatment. 8

The ICS that was prescribed was Clenil Modulate 250mcgs, in accordance with local guidelines, to be used as prophylactic management. THE ICS was started at the dose appropriate to the severity of asthma symptoms and will be adjusted to the lowest effective dose at which the symptoms can be controlled.

A spacer had never been used by this patient. When inhaler technique was reviewed it appeared to be poor. Inhaler technique is extremely important in control of symptoms. Incorrect inhalers technique is very common and has not altered over the past 40 years. 9

Poor inhaler technique lowers drug delivery into the inflamed and constricted airways. Therefore, leading to poor disease control. This in turn will lead to increased exacerbation of symptoms and an increase in admissions. In 2014 the National review of Asthma Deaths (NRAD) reported that misunderstandings and misuse of inhalers was thought to have contributed to a significant number of deaths registered for England and Wales. 10

Education as to optimal inhaler technique was demonstrated. It has been recognised that education is of vital importance in promoting self-care and therefore concordance it has been described as: a key challenge for health care professionals to engage patients in self-management behaviours with optimal adherence to appropriate treatment. 11

Assessment of inhaler technique is done at every assessment with demonstration of correct inhaler technique. The patient’s technique was poor, she didn’t prime her inhaler and had never used a spacer. It has been shown that inhaler technique is assessed and demonstrated at every visit because it does deteriorate over time. 12

Education and concordance go hand in hand and are inextricably linked. NICE has outlined Key priorities when involving adults in decisions about taking medication, one of which is to offer education and information.12 to provide education a discussion was initiated to assess how ICS have been shown to reduce both the morbidity and mortality of asthma and because of this are the cornerstones of symptom management. They control the inflammation, oedema and basement membrane thickening having the potential to treat the disease rather than simply modify the symptoms as bronchodilators do. Assurance was offered about the non-addictive nature of ICS’s and that the lowest dose would be used to control asthma symptoms once control had been achieved, in accordance with NICE guidelines. Education as to why control, is so important was given. The aims of asthma management are to improve symptoms and prevent deterioration. 13

An excellent definition of asthma control was described by Cockroft and Swystun. They defined asthma severity as the minimum medication required to achieve asthma control. Control is defined as a lack of symptoms, ability to lead a normal life, almost normal lung function and lack of morbidity from the disease. 14 The aim of the use of the ICS and its importance in asthma control was discussed with the patient. She agreed that it was important to her to remain symptom free and to lead her normal active life. Not only is the change in her medication important in enabling her to achieve her goals, self-care will be a priority. There is extensive information evidencing the importance of promoting self-management and maintenance of it by the patient, its importance is emphasised in different guidelines. 15, 16. Side effects of ICS were explained and we agreed that she would have a drink of water after using her ICS to reduce the taste in her mouth if it is a problem for her.

Self-management can lead to a reduction of exacerbations. It improves markers of control of asthma, reducing symptoms and reducing employment days lost to sick leave. It also improves quality of life, which is an agreed goal for the patient.  It has been suggested that the impact of asthma control is greater when self-management education is given within a comprehensive programme of proactive and accessible asthma care.17 and is supported by regular asthma reviews 18. To promote and re-inforce self-management a Personal Asthma Action Plan (PAAP) was negotiated and agreed with the patient.  In accordance with NICE guidelines a written personal action plan can improve outcomes for people with asthma, such as efficacy, knowledge and confidence.  Nice guidelines 2017

A written PAAP reminds people of what their medication is, when and how to take it. The aim of it is to help them to recognise when control of their condition is deteriorating and what action to take. The PAAP used was one from Asthma,org’s website.

It was suggested to the patient that she could choose as whether she monitors control by monitoring her symptoms, using peak flow readings or a combination of both. She chose to use symptom control.

The patient admitted that she can be very forgetful thus she decided to set a reminder twice daily on to her smart phone. She also chose to link it with activities that she carries out every day to aid recall.

There are three parts or zones in the PAAP. The first is a green zone that is a reminder of all medication prescribed, this includes Clenil Modulate as a Preventer inhaler, Ventolin as a reliever inhaler, both to be used with an Ablespacer. The patient admitted that she can be very forgetful and decided to set a reminder twice daily on to her smart phone. She also chose to link it with activities that she carries out every day to aid recall.

Cetirizine and Beclometasone nasal spray were added. A reminder to be aware of inhaler technique is also included. Details were added for www.asthma.org.uk to watch their Asthma inhaler videos, this will enable the patient to remain vigilant about her inhaler technique. Identification of triggers is important to add. As pollen seems to be a trigger for her management of allergic rhinitis was added and when and how to use her nasal steroidal spray. Other triggers were discussed but at this moment in time the patient doesn’t believe that she has any.

The next zone is a yellow one. This describes deterioration in symptoms, tightness of the chest, wheezing, coughing, breathlessness, waking at night, interference with usual daily activities. Use of reliever inhaler more than 3 or more times per week.  The patient recognises that this part of the PAAP is extremely important. It is this part that will assist her in remaining in control of her symptoms. Because asthma is unpredictable and varies in nature it was explained to the patient what actions to take when she recognises she is in the yellow zone. The use of the reliever inhaler during this period of time can reduce inflammation in the airways an agreement was reached as to how many doses of the reliever inhaler could be used until symptoms have gone, this is to prevent an asthma attack occurring and may need to be used for a few days.  It was agreed that she would contact the surgery. As a surgery we don’t offer rescue packs so this wasn’t discussed. The patient was advised to avoid any asthma triggers wherever possible.

The final zone is the red zone. This is when the reliever inhaler is not helping and symptoms are worse.  What to do in an Asthma attack was outlined and added to the PAAP.

The patient understood the necessity for the PAAP and for her change in medication. She had a goal to remain symptom free to enhance hers and her husband’s lives. A date was agreed for a follow up review.

When the patient returned, she was symptom free, she was living her life in the independent manor she had made her goal. Her husband was happier as he was worry free about his wife and could now do things that were important to him. She was taking her medication as prescribed and using both inhalers and spacer as prescribed. Her allergic rhinitis was controlled and not affecting her asthma symptoms. She uses her PAAP regularly and has agreed to use it to maintain control. She is now considering regular exercise as a way of managing her asthma to aid pharmacological control.

This conclusion this essay is about a patient who attended an annual asthma review. She believed her asthma symptoms were well controlled however throughout the course of the interview it became apparent that her symptoms were deteriorating and, as indicated by the Peak flow measurement that she was experiencing moderately acute asthma.

The health professionals took a detailed history of her symptoms both as she believed them to be and as they were interpreted by the health professionals.. By use of good communication skills the Health Professionals were able to uncover some fears that she had with regards to addiction and medication and to allay these fears to promote concordance with pharmacology. Had the patient not been able to express this fear and have it answered satisfactorily she may well have not complied with any treatment.

By using NICE guidelines the health professionals were able to structure the interview and therefore advice an increase in medication, and ICS.

A PAAP was devised as a joint agreement between the patient and the health professional. This enabled the patient to re-call what was discussed during the review and effectively self-manage her condition on leaving the surgery. The PAAP also enables her to recognise any deterioration in symptoms and to act accordingly.

The patient now has a quality of life which she hasn’t had for a few months, as does her husband. They both feel like individuals within their relationship as opposed to one being extremely reliant on the other.

This patient leads a busy life and may not always be able to attend reviews, now her asthma is controlled it has been agreed that telephone reviews can used. Having flexible access to professional advice is an important part of self-management. 19

THIS IS A GROUP PAPER! But the part that I have to do is NUMBER 3. I just pasted the complete instruction so you can see the whole picture of the essay. Try please to get info from Nursing Journals. I have to submit this paper to Turnitin. 5 pages plus the references you used.

Afghanistan

1. Discuss how the country’s healthcare system, education, economy, and political factors influence healthcare and policy decisions.

2. Discuss any organizational, political processes, and/or grassroot legislative efforts to influence healthcare policy and advocate for diverse populations at local, state, national, and global levels.

3. Analyze the impact of cultural, societal, legal, environmental, and/or nutritional factors contributing to health disparities.

4. How can science and technology impact this country’s healthcare trends?

These are the 4 things we have to answer in our paper!

As we mentioned in class, we would like you to choose a paper topic from before 1960 for your first paper. Please write a 5-page, double-spaced paper on some aspect of popular song that will be pertinent to our study.
Choose a focused, specific topic. This paper should involve a thesis and an argument; it should not be a dictionary or web-type summary of general information. Spelling, grammar, clarity, and style will count. Please use at least two sources beyond our textbooks, and remember to cite your sources. Citations and works cited pages should be in MLA style (for online information about citations, see http://libraries.iub.edu/help-citing-sources). Wikipedia should not be quoted or cited as a source, but feel free to consult it at your own risk. Articles or other sources documented at the bottom Wikipedia entries may be cited, but you should review them.
Therefore, be sure to write in your own words. When in doubt it is always better to make a citation.
PLEASE HAND IN A HARD COPY OF YOUR PAPER AT THE BEGINNING OF CLASS AFTER UPLOADING IT TO CANVAS IN THE ASSIGNMENTS SECTION.
Sample topics:
1. Write a close reading or close listening account of a popular song. The Beckerman article on “White Christmas” (find it at the beginning of the songbook) is a good example of this. So are the parts of the essays in Friedwald that discuss the structure and meaning of the songs, if a bit long for our purposes.
2. Survey a variety of interpretations of a popular song of your choice. See Friedwald for a sample survey of important interpretations of the songs. What changes in the different interpretations? Differences in tempo, style, instrumentation (arrangement), added music (or not). All can be interesting to discuss. Show that you know something about the song and the lyrics.
3. Discuss changing technological (i.e. media) and social aspects of songwriting. Furia shows how the interaction between the music industry and composers/lyricists in Tin Pan Alley has been influential on musical creation. Bear in mind the evolution of technology in music distribution and performance. Here you must be specific and go beyond internet information.
4. Analyze a variety of songs by a singer of your choice. You might want to think of a common thread connecting them.
5. Pick out any two “breakthrough” songs and discuss them. What is the relationship between the songs? How are they similar or different? How do they respond to different external factors? What was going on in the lives of the songwriter or songwriters when they were written?
6. Pick out a song that has an important historical backstory (World War I, World War II, the Depression, Prohibition). How does knowing this background help our understanding of the song?
7. Discuss why you think a few particular songs were hits and continued to be popular. Is it because of their lyrics or music? Do they have a certain resonance with the culture of the time? Are they associated with any particular famous performers?
8. Discuss one of the essential materials of song (rhythm, melody, harmony, symbol, metaphor) in a few different songs of your choice and describe what is going on.
9. Think of your own topic but clear it with me.

The aim of this End of Module Assignment is to synthesis these topics together with the opportunity for you to evaluate APPLE INC., in some areas below:
– aspects of how organisations manage their financial decision making.
– risk, capital structures, sources of finance and decisions relating to strategic investment.
– interpretation of financial statements and accounting information systems
Please read carefully and answers all parts of guideline below:
Part a
Critically evaluate the capital structure of Apple Inc. and discuss whether this capital structure is aligned to the Apple’s strategic goals.
For example, does Apple have a greater degree of debt or equity (or its equivalent in the case of not for profit or public sector) and how does this impact upon the gearing of Apple? You should also consider how Apple views risk and return (or its equivalent in the case of not for profit or public sector organisations).
Part b
Critically assess the Apple’s financial performance and its overall approach to managing stakeholders’ expectations. This should include some interpretation of the financial statements and any other information you consider relevant.
Part c
Discuss how the issues you have explained in part a) and b) above might be addressed in terms of improvements or recommendations. How might your recommendations result in more effective financial decision making for Apple Inc.?

Expand oon the exsisting lit review IOT discuss a comparsion of international and US NPOs

Evaluating Accounting Approaches for Non-Profit Organizations – An International
Perspective”
Introduction
Non-profit organizations (NPOs) have a significant influence on the economies of
a country. As a result policymakers in the USA and the world are keen to establish
charity regulations that ensure funds are not mismanaged. Charity regulations such as
tax limitation are imposed to attract donors and increase public trust in NPOs. NPOs
accounting requirements are considerably different compared to other organizations
which are subjected to commercial accounting. This is because NPOs incur costs by
providing non-profitable services to the public – thus NPOs target money effect activities
as opposed to the revenue and expenditure effects. The financial records of NPOs
possess unique accounting factors that call for the transparency and liability of income
resources.
Purpose of the Literature Review
The principal objective of this review is to examine writings on the topic of
accounting approaches utilized by NPOs globally while at the same time citing
examples from in the U.S.A. This review will focus on analyzing the bookkeeping, and
financial statements approaches adopted by NPOs. The discussion will begin with a
general literature review of financial management for non-profit organizations and
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conclude by examining the accounting issues facing NPOs and suggesting future
accounting practices.
Financial Management of NPOs
The financial management of NPOs mainly differs from commercial organizations
due to the way NPOs are funded. The diverse sources of equity for NPOs and its
economic vulnerabilities make it challenging to the average costs of debts and credits
within NPOs operations (Cordery et al., 2017). Charity regulations assist NPOs in
avoiding incurring costs associated with debts whilst increasing its inflow. The Federal
Government in the United States plays a significant role in determining the scope of
non-profit regulations. Similar to other countries, the Congress has the power to
examine the needs for change in regulatory policies and enact national legislation that
manages these regulations. Cordery et al. (2017) argue that the rules must implement
disclosure and accountability policies – that force NPOs to be self-evident, because of
the increased government and public protection, high levels of fraudulent acts that
enable charity organizations to manipulate the industry.
Financial accountability for NPOs is expected to include the services or programs
offered by an organization as opposed to the revenue income or losses incurred by an
organization. Cordery (2015) defines accountability as the process in which an
organization or individual performance is measured according to their function. Hence,
they are expected to take responsibility for the appropriate execution of tasks and
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performance – accountability is universal in financial departments and the business
operations of an organization.
The substantial inflow of cash from governments and private donors and the
existence of few barriers in creating an NPO have increased the number of unethical
NPOs being established worldwide. This issue is accelerated by the challenges that
fund donors have – in differentiating between legit and fraudulent recipients. As a result,
there have been demands to hold the nonprofit industry accountable. According to
Reheul et al. (2014), accountability entails; recording data and information that assist
stakeholders in evaluating the performance of the organization as well as addressing
the organizational concerns of stakeholders. NPOs accounting and auditing is an
unpopular subject due to the idea of rejecting commercial practices and beliefs. For
instance in the US alone at least one-third of NPOs avoid employing accounting staff –
hence accounting is generally invisible for NPOs activities. For NPOs that choose to
disclose their accounts information, the accountability information varies and is at times
inconsistency.
Financial reporting for NPOs is challenging since no standard principle requires
NPOs to record their income usage. Most NPOs around the world choose to account for
their assets and funds partially. For instance, in the US charity organizations may opt to
report their fixed assets and ignore the depreciating assets and vice versa (Sutton et al.,
2010). Such inconsistencies in asset treatment lead to the accusation that NPOs have
the opportunity to get away with financial discrepancies. In most jurisdictions globally,
the exemption of tax on charities and the benefits of these organizations to local and
national borders, provide governments with sufficient reasons to protect NPOs from
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reporting their income (Hyndman & McMahon, 2011). Some NPOs (are accused of)
acting opportunistically to benefit from the financial assistance provided by the
government and private donors – which enables them to keep inaccurate asset records
or manipulate their financial disclosures (Hyndman & McMahon, 2011). Nonetheless, to
reduce the abuse of tax exemption benefits, most governments have opted to restrict
the charity regulations provided to some of the NPOs.
Fund accounting is a unique and popular characteristic for many NPOs since it
allows them to engage in inter-fund allocations and appropriation activities. Inter-fund
distributions enable NPOs to transfer funds between different resources while
appropriation entails the authorization of current and future disbursement of capitals to
fulfil specific goals (Reheul et al., 2014). These two features add to the complex nature
of analyzing the financial statements of an NPO. In this case, some NPOs often take
advantage and exploit legitimate donors, conceal the transfer of funds intended for
illegal acts or use this approach to avoid their funds and assets from being frozen.
(Reheul et al., 2014) Mentions that although self-reporting enhances accountability for
NPOs, it also minimizes the regulatory burdens placed on the government. Countries
such as Canada have been prosperous in implementing co-regulation acts; however,
these approaches are limited in the NPOs regulation policies (Phillips, 2013). Moreover,
the low levels of compliance rates make it a challenge for governments to promote
administrative efficiency within these organizations.
NPOs have adopted the use of cash accounting as opposed to accrual
accounting. As a result, charity organizations only keep the financial record of
transactions completed with cash payments and ignore reporting the debts incurred due
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to unpaid bills. Although cash based accounting is easy in bookkeeping, organizations
compromise the realization and matching concepts of funds (Reheul et al., 2014). Small
sized NPOs often use the cash basis while medium-sized and large charity corporations
have adopted the accrual accounting method. In some instances, NPOs decide to use
fund accounting which means that accountability is based on the projects and resources
that have utilized the money invested in an organization. However, for accountability
and stewardship, NPOs using the fund accounting method issue financial statements for
each project.
Issues of financial accountability and transparency for NPOs
The development of charity regulation boards is associated with the increased
number of NPOs. Most governments are contracting charity organizations to offer social
and public service programs (Hyndman & McMahon, 2011). The emerging issues
surrounding NPOs accounting and transparency provide good reasons as to why it is
imperative to regulate these organizations. The major problems linked to the accounting
needs of NPOs are perceived to be related with the multi-source financing units
(Hyndman & McMahon, 2011). Many of these authors believe that it is a challenge to
have a sustainable and accountable NPO due to the inconsistencies of funding sources
and financial management.
The lack of clear and uniform policies to govern NPOs challenges the financial
management and transparency of NPOs. Some NPOs are subjected to the charity
regulatory policies while other are automatically exempted – thus allowing for
discrepancies when it comes to financial statements from NPOs. For instance, religious
organizations are considered as non-profitable organizations which are not expected to
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file their taxes even without registering for tax exemption. In the US the organizational
structure of churches is ambiguous as they are considered as; unincorporated
organizations, sole proprietorship organizations, and NGOs (Cordery, 2015). Religious
corporations are also termed as ‘organized’ entities that do not require comprehensive
records. Therefore, the charity and federal regulations that govern NPOs, exempt
churches from the committing to these laws. This introduces accountability complexities
that require NPOs to meet the regulatory requirements.
The tax exemption laws applied to NPOs have contributed to the creation of
abusive schemes whose primary goal is to cover their activities behind charitable acts to
evade tax. In most instances, taxpayer entities attempt to convert their organization’s
revenues from taxable income to tax-exempt income (Cordery et al., 2017). As a result,
such entities acquire donor funds and assets for their commercial use with the
exemption of tax or acquire assets with the benefits associated with charitable
deductions. This may have contributed to the increase of fraud and misuse of funds
within these organizations. For instance, individuals may take advantage of the tax
exemption act on churches to extort members of the congregation.
Tax-exempt organizations gain a competitive advantage over commercial
organizations. This exemption is still applicable to NPOs that take part in trading
activities and generate income from investments. Furthermore, NPOs that engage in
commercial activities maximize their profit given that they at times work with volunteers
for the supply of goods and services.
Again, these authors believe that increased financial and leadership misconduct
of NPOs emphasizes the need to have effective regulations. They identify fault in NPOs
7
including; the mismanagement of resources, fraud and excessive compensation. They
believe that this has contributes to the decline of public and government trust in NPOs
who demand transparent accountability and regulation of these organizations (Reheul et
al., 2014). Furthermore, private donors have responded to scandals surrounding NPOs
by withdrawing their donations leading to the collapse of charitable organizations. On
the other hand, policymakers have resorted to implementing strict regulatory laws that
have put heavy scrutiny in the NPOs industry.
To justify the legitimacy of NPOs they have been forced to produce accountability
reports. Financial reports from NPOs will allow charities to exist and enjoy the tax
exemption laws and other benefits through legal ways (Hyndman & McMahon, 2011).
However, the gap between the sizes of NPOs causes the implementation of charity
regulations to be a complex issue (Hyndman & McMahon, 2011). For instance,
compliance costs may be a financial burden for small charities which may hinder them
from abiding by the disclosure laws. Such financial troubles may discourage private
donors from investing in small-sized NPOs. Additionally, enforcement barriers such as
regulatory constraints on resources will result in transparency issues as NPOs fail to
account for their assets. Designing an effective regulatory system that meets the needs
of all NPOs regardless of their functions and size is challenging.
Regulations are identified as the only effective approach that will ensure that
NPOs are transparent and accountable. According to the public interest theory, charities
regulations are mandatory to effectively respond to the issues surrounding resource
allocation (Cordery et al., 2017). Arguments presented by the public interest theory
affirm that sole corporations that act as charity entities are more focused on protecting
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their interests as opposed to the social interests of the public – due to the conflict of
interests in such scenarios, there is a need to have regulations in place so as to protect
the interests of the people (Cordery et al., 2017). The enacted NPOs rules will enable
governments to minimize the poor programs and services offered to the public due to a
monopoly in the market. Cordery et al. (2017) suggest having regulatory policies will
assist legislators in managing issues of information asymmetries and encourage fair
distribution of resources within the vulnerable communities. Subsequently, regulatory
fundraising policies will allow policymakers to assist regulators in monitoring whether
donations are utilized appropriately for charitable endeavors – which may increase
public confidence and interests from donors.
The Federal Government also has the authority to regulate charities by issuing
entry restrictions. This way the government will facilitate public safety; through quality
programs that serve the social needs of a community (Hyndman & McMahon, 2011).
Besides implementing penalties for those participating in inappropriate acts are believed
to be essential approaches that will regulate entrants to the charity sector – new
regulations might focus on ensuring that NPOs comply with the registration and
operation laws. Nevertheless, rules to restrict entry to the marketplace are likely to be
more effective in comparison to having policies that regulate disclosure for specific
activities (Hyndman & McMahon, 2011). According to Philips (2013), regulation of
financial reporting by organizations were developed as a response to the inadequate
self-reporting disclosures that was required to initiate a globally efficient marketplace.
Thus, regulators are aimed at creating opportunities for NPOs to restore “donor market”
and public confidence.
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Conclusion
It seems that the confidence and trust of the beneficiaries and the government in
NPOs have somewhat declined yet donors continue to invest in the charity sector. The
extent to which these organizations are taking advantage of the available resources
questions the credibility of some NPOs. From this review, it seems the current literature
reviewed espouses that independent regulatory laws should be designed to increase
accountability efficiency among NPOs. The implementation of differentiated regulations
will ensure that NPOs are monitored, and their performance accounted for
transparently. The arguments in the literature also suggest that it is imperative for
governments to recognize and regulate charitable organizations that exist through a
regulatory system that restricts the entry of NPOs that do not intend to comply with the
set regulations.
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References
Cordery, C. (2015). Accounting history and religion: A review of studies and a research
agenda. Accounting History; Vol. 20(4) 430–463
Cordery, C., Sim, D. and Zijl, T. (2017). Differentiated regulation: the case of charities.
Accounting and Finance, 57,131–164
Hyndman, N., and McMahon, D. (2011). The hand of government in shaping accounting
and reporting in the UK charity sector. Public Money and Management 31, 167–
173.
Phillips, S. (2013) Shining light on charities or looking in the wrong place?, Regulation
by-transparency in Canada, VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and
Nonprofit Organizations 24, 881–905.
Reheul, A.-M., T. Caneghem, and S. Verbruggen, (2014). Financial reporting lags in the
non-profit sector: An empirical analysis, Voluntas: International Journal of
Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 25, 352–377.
Sutton, D., Baskerville, R. and C. Cordery, C. (2010). A development agenda, the donor
dollar and voluntary failure, Accounting, Business and Financial History 20, 209–
229.

Structure:

Title Page

Abstract

Contents Page

Abbreviations

Introduction (3000 words as guidance)

Main Review (6000 words as guidance)

References [many primary references (i.e. original papers as opposed to reviews and books), journals, web of science, reaxys, pubchem, scifinder, scopus] ROYAL SOCIETY of CHEMISTRY STYLE

 

(i)                A Title Page giving the title of the project, your name, department; the date; type of project. –

(ii)              This should be followed by a Contents Page listing the headings (and sub-headings) of the sections of the project dissertation and the appropriate page numbers. The dissertation should be paginated in a single sequence from start to finish numbering each page.

(iii)             Although usually the last part to be drafted, an Abstract (one page maximum) should be included before the main text. The abstract is designed to summarise the work that follows. It should briefly underline the importance of the work and the aims of the project, summarise succinctly but accurately what is contained in the dissertation and dissertation the principal conclusions. It must be self-contained and you should not cross-reference to the main text or to the references. Abbreviations should not be used in the abstract.

(iv)            It is often convenient to have a Glossary or Abbreviation Section on conventions used such as abbreviations, nomenclature — especially the numbering system used — and any other items which are used repeatedly in the dissertation but which a non-expert reader (e.g. another third year student) would not be familiar with.

(v)              The Introduction should cover the general background to the area of work which is covered by the project. This section may only need references to appropriate reviews and/or books.

(vi)            In the Main Review the references should be mainly to the original literature. It is usually best to subdivide the review into separate sections each with its own heading. This helps the reader identify the content matter and from the contents page the logic of the dissertation is apparent. If you use scanned material of, for example, structures, graphs or diagrams the origin of the material should be indicated with a reference number, usually in the legend. Chemical formulae should be numbered with Arabic numbers (not Roman). As they are time consuming to draw it is best not to repeat more formulae than necessary and just use the appropriate formula numbers. All chemical structures should be drawn using ChemDraw or other appropriate chemical drawing package. In the text, the reference is indicated by a superscript number which corresponds to the numbered list of references given at the end of the dissertation. References must be presented sequentially through the dissertation, starting with reference 1. If it is necessary to quote a reference more than once the number assigned to it the first time is re-used, ie. the list of references should not contain duplicates. The reference number should be placed after the statement or sentence to which it applies.

(vii)           The Conclusions section is not a summary of the work (this is the role of the Abstract). It should contain the key pieces of knowledge that you are trying to impart and an overall conclusions. It may also contain an indication of future work.

(viii)         The last section of the project dissertation should be the References numbered in order. This must follow the Royal Society of Chemistry style. Note that the references will be those used in all previous sections — introduction and review. The sources of all information used should be indicated by means of references. Where only a secondary source has been consulted this should be quoted in the reference list together with the appropriate primary source. It is assumed that unless otherwise stated a reference covers all of the material presented until a new reference is cited.

Format & Typing

It is important that your dissertation is easy to read. It should be word-processed with one-and-a-half-spaced typescript, and printed (single-sided) with adequate margins (2.50 cm) to permit binding. The recommended font is Times New Roman Size 12 and the pages must be numbered. Structural formulae should be drawn using one of the specialised computer-based chemical structure drawing packages (e.g. ChemDraw, IsisDraw). Chemical structures should be numbered sequentially as they appear in the dissertation. It is best not to repeat more structures than necessary and instead to subsequently refer to the appropriate identifying numbers.

 

 

 

Other Details:

• Public Dissemination piece – 1000 words

 

• Ideas to include in Introduction:

Synthesis of F18 (from oxygen?) or another way

F18 has a short half life, difficult for synthetic chemists, good for patients

Positron and antielectron combined with electrons to form 2 gamma rays

F18 imaging (for gloma?)

Organofluorine – not naturally found, can be added to biologically insignificant molecules and doesn’t really change it

Replacing O in glucose with F? fluorodeoxyglucose – for tumours?

Idea of molecule concentrating in organ? Targeting receptor

Born in the World War II era, film noir constructs narratives of crime, deceit, betrayal, and treachery, making use of such dark-toned genres as the gangster film, the detective drama, the police procedural, and the tale of misbegotten romance. Wrapping dark, shadowy stories in a dark, shadowy style, it weaves modern myths around the femme fatale, the hardboiled hero, the tormented city, and the never-ending battle between cynicism and hope. This course examines noir masterpieces in their historical, cultural, and literary contexts.

[Generic course description – note that the course will take the general approach described here but will study more than one director in the context of a single multifaceted area of cinematic discourse: In this course students will watch and study a series of films by a single director, accompanied by historical and theoretical articles which help to contextualize the movies. Students will look at such issues as the concept of the “auteur”, art and film theory, audience reactions to work, reception theory, and the role of the director as artist. This course will also introduce students to analysis of the style and discourses of cinematic narratives and the complex and ever-changing relationship between studio production and audience consumption. The director whose work is selected will vary each time the course is taught.]

 

Course Learning Outcomes:

• Students will sharpen their critical skills through historical and theoretical study of cinematic texts that employ artful narrative and audiovisual devices to explore such key issues as urban anxiety, policing and criminal justice, sexuality and gender, sociopolitical protest, and cold-war paranoia in the context of American society during the post-World War II era. Issues of censorship in popular culture will also be addressed. Students will gain heightened understanding of the many ways in which film is inextricably tied to ideology, and will sharpen their ability to discern the sociopolitical attitudes and biases that emerge when films are analyzed in sufficient depth. Students will thereby increase their understanding of the social, psychological, political, and philosophical roles played by moving-image media in contemporary culture.
• Students will cultivate skills for analyzing key themes, tropes, and stylistic traits of English-language cinema through the analysis of important and influential works with specific social and political implications.
• Students will learn to integrate different modes of understanding – historical, sociological, psychological – related to modern artistic phenomena and will acquire proficiency in bringing these to bear on the works of leading moving-image artists.
• Students will further their ability to communicate ideas and opinions cogently and effectively.

 

All required and recommended books are available through the MICA bookstore and are readily available elsewhere as well.

 

Required Books:

James Naremore, More Than Night: Film Noir in Its Contexts, Updated and Expanded

Edition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008)

Dashiell Hammett, The Maltese Falcon (New York: Vintage, 1992)

Richard Schickel, Double Indemnity (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1992)

Raymond Chandler, The Big Sleep (New York: Vintage, 1988)

Graham Greene, The Third Man (New York: Penguin Books, 1999)

Walter Mosley, Devil in a Blue Dress: An Easy Rawlins Novel (New York: Washington Square

Press, 2002)

 

Recommended Reading:

James M. Cain, Double Indemnity (New York: Vintage, 1978)

David Thomson, The Big Sleep (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997)

 

• Students are strongly encouraged to read Naremore’s book More Than Night: Film Noir in Its Contexts from cover to cover, although reading beyond the portions specified in the course schedule is optional. • Assigned reading materials not included in the required books are posted on Canvas, and many can be accessed via the URLs listed under the course schedule below. • Additional reading may be assigned during the semester.

 

1-Briefly summarize the evidence indicating that some genes specify the structure of the protein
2-Summarize the works of Beadle and Tatum that connect certain genes to enzymes and protein.
3-Summarize the structures of DNA and RNA
4-Relate the process how DNA is transcribed to form RNA
5-Describe the process of translation where the RNA is translated to form a polypeptide
6-Compare the process of transcription and DNA replication, similarities and differences
7-Explain in the process of synthesis of DNA the concept of initiation, elongation, and termination.
8-Relate how ribosomes function in the polypeptide synthesis
9-Explain some examples of the different classes of mutations
10-Describe the modern concept of a gene, information content, and function.