Develop a Term Project Paper that is a detailed design of an implementation plan to incorporate RFID technology as part of a real-world business model of an organization of your choice. The timeframe is the current year and out to the next three years. Do not include any secure, confidential or private information in your plan. Your paper should include background about the organization, its products and services, markets, and RFID strategies. Support your paper with theories, concepts, and best practices from the course textbook and scholarly resources available from the Library and other Internet sites provided in this course.

Read the description of the case of Lizardo versus Denny Inc. NDI in Chapter 2 of the textbook under Tort Liability. Then, read the appeal of the case found on the Case Law Website, located at http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-2nd-circuit/1405426.html.

Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you:
Describe how the security guards and Denny’s management should have handled the situation.
Explain why the security guards’ daytime occupation influenced the decision in the case.
Justify the court’s decision to neglect this as a case of discrimination.
Assess how this case can serve as a precedent for other cases and the conclusions you can you draw from this precedent.
Use at least two (2) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Explain the legal issues that define, mandate, and control the performance of security functions.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in security assessment and solutions.
Write clearly and concisely about topics related to security assessment and solutions using proper writing mechanics and technical style conventions.

Essay 2

 

Please describe what you think would be the ideal role and structure of a central bank for the United States?    Would you make changes from the current structure?  If so, how?   Why?    If not, why not?   

 

What are the Federal Reserve’s policy goals or its targets?  Do you believe the Federal Reserve has the tools necessary to accomplish its current set of policy goals?  Would you suggest changes to the Fed’s existing set of goals?  What should they be?  Why?  If not, why not?

 

(****Please mention “The role of federal reserve” and “the Structure of federal reserve”. ****)

 

Are there any regulatory rules or practices you would alter?  Why?

Please submit a hard copy of the essay that is approximately 750 words in length and double-spaced.

 

Scholarly Articles reports about trading in Asia

Choose at least 2 articles from variety of information sources (books, periodicals, trade journals, scholarly/academic journal(s)…) on (an) issue(s) of the research topics in Asia. Information sources have to be published within the last three years. The more varied the sources, the better your chances of getting a good grade.

• Articles HAS to be directly related to international trade and SHOULD BE RELATED TO ANY ASIAN COUNTRY TRADES.(NOT just international business)
• Summarize the article(s)
• Analyze them and write your own opinion:
 Critique & implications?
 Agree/disagree?
 What kind of impact?
 What does it mean?
 Opportunities/threats?

Instructions:

Opal Smith, an 80-year-old woman, comes to your office as a new patient. She has hypertension, type 2 diabetes (diet-controlled), osteoarthritis, and mild hearing loss. Mrs. Smith’s main reported symptoms are bilateral mild knee pain and some sense of unsteadiness on walking. She denies dizziness, postural symptoms, or falls in the past year. She takes lisinopril 10 mg daily, a multivitamin, calcium with vitamin D, acetaminophen as needed for pain, and diphenhydramine as needed for occasional insomnia. She has lived alone since her husband died 3 years ago. She still drives and has several friends with whom she visits. One of her friends suffered a fall several months ago and fractured a hip, from which she is still recovering. Mrs. Smith is somewhat worried about her own unsteadiness and risk for falls.

On exam, her blood pressure is 136/78 mmHg, pulse 72, weight 150 lbs (68 kg), and height 5 ft 5 in. She is mildly hard of hearing but communicates well. She has some mild crepitus on motion of her knees; her gait is slowed with short steps and is somewhat wide based. The rest of her examination is unremarkable, as are all routine laboratory tests. At the end of her examination, Mrs. Smith asks you for fall prevention recommendations.

· 1.What are Mrs. Smith’s major risk factors for falls?

· 2.What interventions would you recommend to minimize her risk?

Assignment #2: Review of Ian Davenport at the Dallas Contemporary, 161 Glass St., Dallas, TX 75207

Using your knowledge of the critic’s voice, please write a review of this exhibition. Your review might discuss the
successes or failures of the exhibition according to the artist’s work and its installation – how the Dallas
Contemporary has worked with the artist to install works of art the exhibition space. You must visit the art space
for this assignment and include a selfie with one work of art in your review.

• Length: 600 words
• double space
• 10 or 12 pt font
• title of your review underlined and located underneath course heading
• Please avoid personal statements in the first person, that is, using “I”, such as “I think the show was
beautiful.”
• Please avoid artspeak, exaggeration, and clichés, such as “The artist [or critic] is a genius.”

Length: Two (2) double spaced typewritten pages

Topic: A detail from Herodotus Book 2 (Herodotus, The Histories, [tr. R. Waterfield]), Oxford: OUP, 1998, pp. 95-168).
.

Read Book 2 of the Histories of Herodotus. Select a detail that you consider to be of the LEAST interest and/or significance to the overall design and intention of Book 2 and carefully explain the reasons for your choice. A detail can be a person, god, animal, plant, human activity, physical phenomenon or specific event.

The purpose of this assignment is to critically analyze the text in order to discover the underlying argument or thesis through attention to a detail that does not appear to support it.

Value of grade: 10%

GUIDE FOR ESSAY 2
1. Title:
Have you included your name at the head of the first page of your essay?
Have you formulated a title for your essay that clearly relates to the main topic of your paper?

2 Introduction:
Does your first paragraph begin with a clear statement about the position which you have taken in your essay?

Do the remaining sentences in your first paragraph let the reader know what to expect in the rest of your essay?
Do these sentences let the reader know how you have argued your position in the rest of your essay?

3. Exposition:
Does each of your subsequent paragraphs focus clearly on a topic mentioned in your introduction?
Does each sentence in this paragraph focus on the topic of the paragraph?
Are the sentences in each paragraph made to relate to each other or are they merely a series of unrelated observations?
Is each sentence a complete sentence?

4. Conclusion:
Does your conclusion follow from the evidence on which you based your exposition?
Is it what you advertised in your introduction?

5. Syntax and style:
Are you certain that you have noticed the difference between singulars and plurals?
Are most of your verbs active?
Have you used your dictionary, even for looking up ordinary words?

6. Special reminder:
This essay is about Herodotus’ description of Egypt; don’t try to focus on the “real” Egypt.

Please make sure that you use 12pt. type throughout your essay.

The article by Krause from the start of the semester, “The Meanings of Theorizing”
(2016), argues that we need to better understand practices of theorizing. In the
spirit of this article, this assignment asks students to compare and analyse how two
peer reviewed journal articles use theory to develop their research insights.
Instructions (short version)
Compare and analyse how two full-length peer reviewed academic journal articles
employ the same contemporary theoretical concept (see list below).
Format
1. Max. 2000 words (excluding works cited list)
2. Double-spaced; 12pt font Cambria
3. Top left corner (no title page required): Title; name/student #; course;
submission date; word count.
4. Page numbers bottom right
5. author-date citations and works cited list.
Please follow the standardized citation format established by the department:
https://www.uoguelph.ca/socioanthro/sites/default/files/Revised%20Citation%2
0Style%20Guide.pdf
Learning Objectives
• To develop an in depth knowledge of a key concept in contemporary theory
• To increase familiarity with publications and debates in the discipline
• To critically examine and evaluate different approaches to theory and
theorizing in academic research
• To refine and practice close reading and interpretation skills
• To refine and practice academic writing and communication skills
Instructions (long version)
Step One: Pick a Concept
Students are asked to identify a key concept from the following list. These concepts
are identified with theorists we are covering in class (as noted beside the concept).
These particular concepts are ones that have been widely used in sociology.
Liinamaa Fall 2018
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risk society (Beck)
liquid modernity (Bauman)
reflexive project of the self (Giddens)
bifurcation of consciousness (Smith)
standpoint theory (Smith)
black feminist thought (Hill Collins)
interlocking nature of oppression or
intersectionality (Hill Collins)
indigenous theory (Million)
cultural capital (Bourdieu)
habitus (Bourdieu)
concerted cultivation (Lareau)
performativity (Butler)
doing gender (West and Zimmerman)
power/knowledge or
governmentality (Foucault)
discipline/disciplinary society
(Foucault)
panopticon (Foucault)
presentation of self (Goffman)
impression management (Goffman)
sociology of the unmarked (Berkhius)
racial formation (Omi and Winant)
social construction of whiteness
(Frankenberg)
cultural pragmatics (Alexander)
mobilities paradigm (Urry)
flexible citizenship (Ong)
Step Two: Find Journal Articles that Use this Concept
Once you have identified a concept, search for two journal articles from sociology or
related social science journals (e.g. health, education, cultural studies) that
substantially employ the concept in their research. Do not just pick the first two
articles you find; be sure that you have identified articles that substantially develop
and account for the concept. I ask that students try to focus on recent accounts—
something published within the last 10 years or so.
1 Some journal articles may apply
the concept to a particular case study, while others may be re-theorizing the concept
itself. You are welcome to pick articles that are more theory focussed or more
research focussed. Some of our course readings illustrate what I mean—there are
ones that demonstrate how recent research has employed a specific concept.
Please note: the two articles must be full-length journal articles (usually 8000
words or so) from peer-reviewed academic journals (i.e. from the library catalogue).
You may not use a book review or a chapter from a book. I want students to spend
time looking through published research in the field.
Step Three: Develop the Analysis (AKA write the paper)
Once you have chosen the concept and articles, you are ready to write the paper. It
should be written as an academic essay, with an introduction, body and conclusion.
You do not need to use headings. I encourage students to write in the first person
(e.g. “In this essay, I will examine….”). The essay should include the following
components.
1 I will accept articles a few years older than 10 years if it is a great fit for your interests. Use
your judgment, but don’t pick articles published during the 1990s. Some of the older
theorists have decades of secondary literature on their work. I would like to students to get
a sense of more recent directions and applications.
Liinamaa Fall 2018
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Introduction
Introduce the interests and goals of your essay; the introduction should have a
thesis statement/argument that evaluates how these two articles put the specific
concept to work. This is how you demonstrate your overarching analysis.
Concept Explanation
You will need to define the concept, and provide some context about the theorist(s)
it is associated with. For this section, you must read and quote a primary text from
the theorist (e.g., start with assigned course reading) when you are describing the
concept. This section must draw on appropriate academic references to support and
develop your understanding.
Analysis and Comparison
1. You need to summarize the intentions and argument of each article. How is it
structured? How does it incorporate theory? How is the argument
developed? Research? Methodology? What is most effective? Least?
2. Compare the theoretical framework of each and how they employ the key
concept. What are the similarities and differences between their approaches?
Build an analysis of how this theoretical concept is put to use.
Conclusion
The conclusion should summarize the purpose of the essay and stress the insights of
your analysis. Do not just repeat the introduction.
Criteria for Evaluation
Please review the criteria for evaluation carefully. The questions listed for each
category outlines for students key characteristics of a very good or excellent paper.
Knowledge of Concept *Does this paper demonstrate a
thorough understanding of the concept?
*Does it draw on appropriate academic
sources to demonstrate this knowledge,
including at least one primary text?
*Does it include evidence from, with
citations and quotations, the primary
text?
Is there an identifiable thesis statement
on how the articles use this concept?
Quality of Analysis *Does the paper carefully analyse the
chosen articles, drawing on direct
evidence/ quotations from the articles?
*Does it effectively summarize the key
insights, and not just reword the
abstract?
*Does it pay attention to how the
argument is constructed, its theory,
methods and research?
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*Does it recognize strengths and
weaknesses?
Synthesis and Comparison *Does the paper effectively identify the
mode of theorizing in each journal article
(see Krause)?
*Does it effectively compare and
evaluate approaches?
*Does it generate specific insights into
how the concept is used in academic
research?
Adherence to Guidelines *Does the paper follow the formatting
guidelines?
*Does the paper follow the assignment
instructions?
*Are citations correctly used and
formatted?
Quality of writing and communication *Is the paper clearly organized and
communicated?
*Is it generally free of grammar and
punctuation errors?
*Are there unclear sentences or ideas?
*Has the paper been edited and revised
(quality not quantity of writing is
important)?

Please access following textbooks.
1- A History of the Modern Middle East. Westview Press, 2009. By William L. Cleveland and Martin Bunton.
2- Your answer must be a 150 words long minimum.
3- The answer must be from our textbooks only. Any citation from the internet will earn a zero.

From your textbook, A History of the Modern Middle East Historical Background and Early Modern Empires: The Middle East Prior to 1453; Cleveland & Bunton,

Q2- From A History of the Modern Middle East The Beginning of the Era of Transformation: The Ottoman Empire and Egypt, 1774-1876. Cleveland & Bunton, chapter 4, pp. 53-75(this is an estimate of page#s in ch-4). Explain the Ottoman unique slave System. “The Ottoman Slave Elite,” in chapter 3 titled “The Ottoman and Safavid Empires.”

Q3-What did the Tanizmat focus on? State 3 reforms made by the Tanzimat. Name the Ottoman Sultan who made the tanzimat?

Q-4. What was the reason for the Iranian Tobacco protest in 1891? Who made the decree to protest? What were the Iranian people protesting?

Q 5. From Cleveland & Bunton, Cleveland claims that despite the outward display of anti-Westernism and traditional religiosity, the first decade of the Ottoman Sultan Abd al-Hamid’s reign witnessed an acceleration of certain Tanzimat [reforms] programs,” Explain these reforms.

Q. 6. State three provisions from the Iranian Constitutional Revolution? 0

Question 7: From Cleveland & Bunton, chapter 9: Titled: “World War I and the End of the Ottoman Order.”
According to Cleveland and Bunton, Britain and France made pledges and counter-pledges in plans to partition the Ottoman Empire. How did France and Britain partition the Middle East, according to the secret treaty Sykes-Picot of 1916—considering Greater Syria and Iraq?

Question 8: Chapter 10 Title: “Authoritarian Reform in Turkey and Iran.”
Q. 8) Name five reforms Ushered by Kemal Ataturk? This should include reforms of the language and religious reforms. Make sure you use our textbook.

From Chapter 13 titled, “The Palestine Mandate and the Birth of the State of Israel.”
Q.11) According to Cleveland and Bunton, “The territory that composed the British mandate for Palestine was only slightly larger than the state of Massachusetts. Yet, the repercussions of developments in and attitudes toward this small piece of southern Syria have reverberated throughout the Middle East and the world at large.” Explain this statement.

From Chapter 13 titled, “The Palestine Mandate and the Birth of the State of Israel.” from the section “The Balfour Declaration,” answer the following question.
Q. 12) State the Balfour Declaration that was written by the British foreign secretary, Arthur Balfour? Was the declaration clear?

Q. 14) Chapter 13 from the section titled, “Muhammad Mosaddaq and the Oil Nationalization Crisis, 1951-1953,”
A- What did the Iranian politician Muhammad Mosaddaq do in 19531 to upset the British and the U.S., government?
B- What was the reaction of the British and U.S government?

Q. 14) Chapter 15 titled, “The Middle East in the Age of Nasser: The Egyptian Base.”
On July 26, 1956, the president of Egypt Gamal Abd al-Nasser (Nasser) nationalized the Suez Canal.
a- What was the reason for Nasser’s actions?
b- What was the reaction of some of the countries, the U. S, the Soviet Union, Britain, France, and Israel?

Q. 15. From your textbook, chapter 26: titled, “The 2011 Arab Uprising and their Aftermath,” what was the spark which started the so-called “Arab Spring”? In the section “Understanding the Uprisings’ Dynamics,” the authors admit that the West has misunderstood the uprising by naming it Arab Spring? Explain how?

PRE-CIVIL WAR ERA DOCUMENTS

QUESTIONNAIRE:

1. According to Santa Anna, why did the Mexican forces need to assault the Alamo? How does the Mexican military victory possibly carry another form of political significance in the eyes of the Mexican government?
2. In comparison, examine the account by Vicente Filisola. How does his analysis of the battle for the Alamo contrast that of Santa Anna? What is his opinion of the war in general and why?
3. How might the Texas Revolution been a conflict of cultures? How might slavery have influenced decisions to pick sides for or against the Texas revolutionaries?
4. Examine the article of Santa Anna’s denouncement of the institution of slavery. What are Santa Anna’s and his secretary’s stand of the “cruel and sanguinary” system of the United States?  How does the critique Manifest Destiny as a whole?  Connect your discussion to previous class conversations regarding slavery in America during the 19^th century.The Alamo
   Digital History ID 3662

   Author:   Carlos E. Castañeda
   Date:

   Annotation: Few historical events are more surrounded with legend than the battle of the Alamo, where a couple of hundred Texas volunteers sought to defend an abandoned mission against between two thousand and five thousand Mexican soldiers. Texan bravery and sense of duty in the face of certain defeat has become a popular symbol of heroism.

   Most Texans are unaware that Tejanos played a pivotal role in this battle for Texas independence. Gregorio Esparza, Antonio Fuentes, Toribio Losoya, Guadalupe Rodriguez, Juan Seguin, and other Tejanos joined Colonel William B. Travis, who is said to have drawn a line in the dirt with his sword and asked those willing to stay and fight to cross the line. They fought alongside the bedridden Jim Bowie, who later died of a bayonet wound, but not before leaving his famous knife in an attacker’s body. And they stood alongside of David Crockett, the fifty-year-old Indian scout and politician, who was either shot and killed or captured and executed.

   For twelve days, Mexican forces laid siege to the Alamo. At 5 a.m., March 6, 1836, Mexican troops scaled the mission’s walls. By 8 a.m., when the fighting was over, 183 defenders lay dead.

   Two weeks after the defeat at the Alamo, a contingent of Texans surrendered to Mexican forces near Goliad with the understanding that they would be treated as prisoners of war. Instead, Santa Anna ordered more than 350 Texans shot. These defeats had an unexpected side effect. They gave Houston time to raise and train and army. Volunteers from the southern United States flocked to his banner. On April 21, his army surprised and defeated Santa Anna’s army as it camped on the San Jacinto River, east of present-day Houston. The next day Houston captured Santa Anna himself and forced him to sign a treaty granting Texas its independence, a treaty that was never ratified by the Mexican government because it was acquired under duress. In 1837, Santa Anna presented his perspective on the battle of the Alamo.

   Document: The enemy fortified itself in the Alamo, overlooking the city. A siege of a few days would have caused its surrender, but it was not fit that the entire army should be detained before an irregular fortification hardly worthy of the name. Neither could its capture be dispensed with, for bad as it was, it was well equipped with artillery, had a double wall, and defenders who, it must be admitted, were very courageous…. An assault would infuse our soldiers with that enthusiasm of the first triumph that would make them superior in the future to those of the enemy…. Before undertaking the assault and after the reply given to Travis who commanded the enemy fortification, I still wanted to try a generous measure, characteristic of Mexican kindness, and I offered life to the defendants who would surrender their arms and retire under oath not to take them up again against Mexico….

   On the night of the fifth of March, four columns having been made ready for the assault under the command of their respective officers, they moved forward in the best order and with the greatest silence, but the imprudent huzzas of one of them awakened the sleeping vigilance of the defenders of the fort and their artillery fire caused such disorder among our columns that it was necessary to make use of the reserves. The Alamo was taken, this victory that was so much and so justly celebrated at the time, costing us seventy dead and about three hundred wounded, a loss that was also later judged to be avoidable and charged, after the disaster of San Jacinto, to my incompetence and precipitation. I do not know of a way in which any fortification, defended by artillery, can be carried by assault without the personal losses of the attacking party being greater than those of the enemy, against whose walls and fortifications the brave assailants can present only their bare breasts. It is easy enough, from a desk in a peaceful office, to pile up charges against a general out on the field but this cannot prove anything more than the praiseworthy desire of making war less disastrous. But its nature being such, a general has no power over its immutable laws. Let us weep at the tomb of the brave Mexicans who died at the Alamo defending the honor and the rights of their country They won lasting claim to fame and the country can never forget their heroic names.

   Copyright 2012 Digital History

    

   Remembering the Alamo
   Digital History ID 3663

   Author:   Amelia Williams
   Date:

   Annotation: In a retrospective account of the battle written in 1849, Vicente Filisola, one of the Mexican soldiers, offers a critical perspective on Santa Anna’s strategy at the Alamo.

   Document: On this same evening, a little before nightfall, it is said that Barrett Travis, commander of the enemy, had offered to the general-in-chief, by a woman messenger, to surrender his arms and the fort with all the materials upon the sole condition that his own life and the lives of his men be spared. But the answer was that they must surrender at discretion, without any guarantee, even of life, which traitors did not deserve. It is evident, that after such an answer, they all prepared to sell their lives as dearly as possible. Consequently, they exercised the greatest vigilance day and night to avoid surprise.

   On the morning of March 6, the Mexican troops were stationed at 4 o’clock, A.M., in accord with Santa Anna’s instructions. The artillery, as appears from these same instructions, was to remain inactive, as it received no order; and furthermore, darkness and the disposition made of the troops which were to attack the four fronts at the same time, prevented its firing without mowing down our own ranks. Thus the enemy was not to suffer from our artillery during the attack. Their own artillery was in readiness. At the sound of the bugle they could no longer doubt that the time had come for them to conquer or to die. Had they still doubted, the imprudent shouts for Santa Anna given by our columns of attack must have opened their eyes. As soon as our troops were in sight, a shower of grape and musket balls was poured upon them from the fort, the garrison of which at the sound of the bugle, had rushed to arms and to their posts. The three columns that attacked the west, the north, and the east fronts, fell back, or rather, wavered at the first discharge from the enemy, but the example and the efforts of the officers soon caused them to return to the attack. The columns of the western and eastern attacks, meeting with some difficulties in reaching the tops of the small houses which formed the walls of the fort, did, by a simultaneous movement to the right and to left, swing northward till the three columns formed one dense mass, which under the guidance of their officers, endeavored to climb the parapet on that side…. Our loss was very heavy. Colonel Francisco Duque was mortally wounded at the very beginning, as he lay dying on the ground where he was being trampled by his own men, he still ordered them on to the slaughter. This attack was extremely injudicious and in opposition to military rules, for our own men were exposed not only to the fire of the enemy but also to that of our own columns attacking the other Fronts; and our soldiers being formed in close columns, all shots that were aimed too low, struck the backs of our foremost men. The greatest number of our casualties took place in that manner; it may even be affirmed that not one-fourth of our wounded were struck by the enemy’s fire, because their cannon, owing to their elevated position, could not be sufficiently lowered to injure our troops after they had reached the foot of the walls. Nor could the defenders use their muskets with accuracy, because the wall having no inner banquette, they had, in order to deliver their fire, to stand on top where they could not live one second.

   The official list of casualties, made by General Juan de Andrade, shows: officers 8 killed, 18 wounded; enlisted men 52 killed, 233 wounded. Total 311 killed and wounded. A great many of the wounded died for want of medical attention, beds, shelter, and surgical instruments.

   The whole garrison were killed except an old woman and a Negro slave for whom the soldiers felt compassion, knowing that they had remained from compulsion alone. There were 150 volunteers, 32 citizens of Gonzales who had introduced themselves into the fort the night previous to the storming, and about 20 citizens or merchants of Bexar [San Antonio]….

   Finally, the place remained in the power of the Mexicans, and all the defenders were killed. It is a source of deep regret, that after the excitement of the combat, many acts of atrocity were allowed which are unworthy of the gallantry and resolution with which this operation had been executed, and stamp it with an indelible stain in the annals of history. These acts were reproved at the time by those who had the sorrow to witness them, and subsequently by the whole army, who certainly were not habitually animated by such feelings, and who heard with disgust and horror, as becomes brave and generous Mexicans who feel none but noble and lofty sentiments, of certain facts which I forebear to mention, and wish for the honor of the Mexican Republic had never taken place.

   In our opinion the blood of our soldiers as well as that of the enemy was shed in vain, for the mere gratification of the inconsiderate, purile, and guilty vanity of reconquering Bexar by force of arms, and through a bloody contest. As we have said, the defenders of the Alamo, were disposed to surrender, upon the sole condition that their lives should be spared. Let us even grant that they were not so disposed–what could the wretches do, being surrounded by 5,000 men, without proper means of resistance, no possibility of retreating, nor any hope of receiving proper and sufficient reinforcements to compel the Mexicans to raise the siege? Had they been supplied with all the resources needed, that weak enclosure could not have withstood for one hour the fire of our twenty pieces of artillery which if properly directed would have crushed it to atoms and leveled down the inner buildings…. The massacres of the Alamo, of Goliad, of Refugio, convinced the rebels that no peaceable settlement could be expected, and that they must conquer, or die, or abandon the fruits of ten years of sweat and labor, together with their fondest hopes for the future.

    

   The Texas Revolution: A Conflict of Cultures?
   Digital History ID 550

   Date:1828

   Annotation: During the Texas Revolution, Tejanos faced a test of conflicting loyalties: whether to fight for independence with Texas Anglos, or to side with General Antonio López de Santa Anna. Gregorio Esparza, a Tejano, was one of 183 Texans who died defending the Alamo. His brother Francisco was in the victorious Mexican army. Families, like the Esparzas, were split by the fight for Texas independence.

   Was the Texas Revolution essentially a conflict of cultures? The answer is ambiguous. Anglo-Texans provided most of the leadership for the revolution. Some Anglo-Texans, including Stephen Austin, made statements that suggest deep ethnic hostility. In 1836, Austin wrote that the conflict in Texas pitted “a mongrel Spanish-Indian and Negro race, against civilization and the Anglo-American race.” But a significant number of Tejanos took an active role in the Texas Revolution. The Texans who captured San Antonio in 1835 included 160 Tejanos and seven Tejanos died defending the Alamo. Many elite Tejanos, who regarded slave-grown cotton as the key to the region’s prosperity, opposed Mexico’s 1829 decree prohibiting slavery. They also favored repeal of an 1830 law forbidding further immigration from the United States, and wanted improvements in the court system, lower tariffs, and separation from Coahuila.

   Among the rebel Tejanos was Juan Seguin. Seguin, the son of a wealthy rancher, recruited a company of Tejano volunteers which helped defend the Alamo. During the siege of the former mission, Seguin and some of his men went to look for reinforcements. Later he did essential service harassing and delaying Santa Anna’s army, which gave Sam Houston time to gather reinforcements from the southern United States. He served as mayor of San Antonio until 1842, when Anglos accused him of supporting a Mexican invasion of Texas. He was forced to flee to Mexico, having become “a foreigner in my native land.”

   Another rebel was Tejano Gregorio Esparza, who died defending the Alamo. His brother Francisco was in the victorious Mexican army. Families, like the Esparzas, were split by the fight for Texas independence.

   After Texas secured its independence in 1836, and especially after two failed Mexican invasions of Texas in 1842, anti-Mexican sentiment soared. Anglo-Texans threatened to banish or imprison all Tejanos unless Mexico accepted the Rio Grande River as the southern border of Texas.

   This selection examines the attitudes of the Tejanos and Anglo-Texans, eight years prior to the Revolution. It is excerpted from a journal kept by José María Sánchez, who served on a Mexican government directorate commissioned in 1827 to survey the boundary between Texas and Louisiana.

   Document: The Americans from the north have taken possession of practically all the eastern part of Texas, in most cases without the permission of the authorities. They immigrate constantly, finding no one to prevent them, and take possession of the sitio [site] that best suits them without either asking leave or going through any formality other than that of building their homes. Thus the majority of inhabitants in the Department are North Americans, the Mexican population being reduced to only Béjar, Nacogdoches, and La Bahía del Espíritu Santo, wretched settlements that between them do not number three thousand inhabitants, and the new village of Gudalupe Victoria that has scarcely more than seventy settlers. The government of the state, with its seat at Saltillo, that should watch over the preservation of its most precious and interesting departments, taking measures to prevent its being stolen by foreign hands, is the one that knows the least not only about the actual conditions, but even about its territory…. Repeated and urgent appeals have been made to the Supreme Government of the federation regarding the imminent danger in which this interesting Department is becoming the prize of the ambitious North Americans, but never has it taken any measures that may be called conclusive….

   The Americans from the North, at least the great part of those I have seen, eat only salted meat, bread made by themselves out of corn meal, coffee, and homemade cheese. To these the greater part…add strong liquor, for they are in general, in my opinion, lazy people of vicious character. Some of them cultivate their small farms by planting corn; but this task they usually entrust to their Negro slaves, whom they treat with considerable harshness.

   Mexico’s Leaders Condemn Slavery in Texas
   Digital History ID 3657

   Author:   Santa Anna
   Date:1836

   Annotation: In a letter describing the situation in Texas, Santa Anna denounces Texans who continue to bring slaves into the region, and who circumvent Mexican law by calling slaves apprentices.

   Document: …There is a considerable number of slaves in Texas also, who have been introduced by their masters under cover of certain questionable contracts, but who according to our laws should be free. Shall we permit those wretches to moan in chains any longer in a country whose kind laws protect the liberty of man without distinction of cast or color?

   José María Tornel, Relations between Texas, the United States of America and the Mexican Republic by Secretary of War during the Texas campaign, 1837

   Mexico’s Secretary of War

   …Greater still is the astonishment of the civilized world to see the United States maintain the institution of slavery with its cruel laws to support it and propagate it, at a time when the other nations of the world have agreed to cooperate in the philanthropic enterprise of eradicating this blot and shame of the human race. Don Lorenzo de Zavala in his Trip to the United States, a work which he seems to have written to laud them to the stars while depreciating his country to the lowest depths, at a time when perhaps he was already meditating his dark treason, cannot resist the natural instinct of repulsion inspired by the contrast of the humane and truly liberal policy of Mexico and the cruel and sanguinary one of the United States in regard to the slaves. “In crossing from the Mexican Republic to the states of our sister Republic,” says Zavala, “the philosopher cannot help but feel the contrast presented by the two countries, nor can he fail to experience a grateful feeling for those who abolished this degrading traffic in human flesh, removing from our midst every vestige of so humiliating a spectacle of misery.” As a matter of fact, without having proclaimed as pompously as the United States the rights of man, we have respected them better by abolishing all distinctions of class or race and considering as our brothers all creatures created by our common father. The land speculators of Texas have tried to convert it into a mart of human flesh where the slaves of the south might be sold and others from Africa might be introduced, since it is not possible to do it directly through the United States. “It seems,” says Mrs. Trollope, “that it is a general and deep-rooted opinion throughout the United States that the black race cannot be trusted. According to the prevailing opinion of the country, fear is the only force that moves a slave. It is not strange, therefore, that these poor wretches should act in keeping with such a policy.” This mutual distrust, this reciprocal fear between master and slave will some day result in the freedom of more than three million men, a fact to which the thinking men of the neighboring republic are not blind….. What will be the course followed by the United States? To maintain and encourage this institution as long as possible and when the fatal hour of destiny arrives which is to destroy this tyrannous and opprobrious system, to treat them as the Indians, driving them into Mexican territory also…. It is upon Texas and perhaps upon New Mexico and the two Californias that the anxious eyes of those who even now are giving their attention to the future destinies of the colored race rest. As in the United States nothing is done without a preconceived plan, and since everybody works by common accord as if by an admirable instinct for the realization of the ends pursued, it is incredible that the slow working out of the means by which some day certain difficulties whose transcendental importance has been fully realized will be solved should have been ignored in their reckoning. Thus we see the concurrence of an infinite number of interests of the United States converging for the stimulation of their policy of expansion…..