As a manager, part of your role is to develop strategy, and share this strategy with various stakeholders within the organization. This assignment will allow you to take your findings as a manager and communicate these findings to those who are affected.

Your company has been presented with a decision on replacing a piece of equipment for a new computerized version that promotes efficiency for the upcoming year. As manager you will need to decide whether or not the purchase of the new equipment is a worthwhile investment and to communicate your recommendations to Executive Management for a final decision. To be convincing, sufficient support for your recommendations must be provided in order to be considered valid and accepted.

Existing Equipment
Original Cost 60,000
Present Book Value 30,000
Annual Cash Operating Costs 145,000
Current Market Value 15,000
Market Value in Ten Years 0
Remaining useful Life 10 years
Replacement Equipment
Cost 600,000
Annual Cash Operating Costs 50,000
Market Value in Ten Years 0
Useful Life 10 years
Other Information
Cost of Capital 10%
Payback requirement 6 years
In this assignment, use the information above to develop a comprehensive analysis using NPV, Payback Method, and IRR to develop a recommendation on replacing the existing equipment with a new computerized version. Develop an executive summary of your findings in a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation format to present to Executive Management.

Do the following in your presentation:

Include a statement of the problem or topic, a concise analysis of the findings, and a recapitulation of any main conclusions or recommendations.
Be sure to incorporate specific details to highlight or support the summary including calculations.
Using your knowledge of capital budgeting techniques, explain how principles of capital budgeting, such as the payback method, IRR, and NPV, can be used to assess the potential projects and assist in the decision-making process.
Develop a 10-12 slide presentation in PowerPoint format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M4_A2.ppt.

The evolution of hip-hop culture is often presented as either a large-scale collective cultural development or a series of small-scale, individual innovations. In this class, we have suggested that it is both: Individual artists make creative choices within the context of a larger social and cultural environment. The goal of this assignment is to encourage you to think about specific ways that this process – hip-hop – has helped individuals and small groups to understand and control their relationship to larger social forces. Given how complex these relationships are, it may be impossible to give a definite answer to some of these questions, so I do not expect you to do so. In other words, I don’t expect you to be able to prove that your answers actually are true, only to show that they could be true. The important thing is to be creative in your thinking.
With that in mind, please choose a development in hip-hop culture of the 1970s and answer the following questions about it. Note that a “development in hip-hop culture” could be any change that helped to shape the nature of the culture. Some examples might include: choosing to write graffiti on trains instead of walls, choosing to cut up breaks, choosing to form crews rather than work as individuals, using rhymes instead of singing to entertain a crowd, the increased emphasis on rappers over deejays when hip-hop began to be recorded…and so forth.
1. What was the innovator trying to accomplish? What problems or limitations were they trying to address? Note that answers to this question may be very practical and specific (“they were trying to build speakers that could handle deep bass frequencies”) or very abstract and general (“they were trying to express their identity”)…or some combination of both.
2. What tools were available for them to use in addressing that challenge, and how were those tools made available by larger social forces? Note that these tools could be physical objects – literal tools or equipment – but they could also be social tools, such as friendships or access to certain types of spaces. So, for example, you could argue that abandoned buildings were one of the “tools” that innovators used, and that they were “made available” by people moving out of the Bronx. Essentially, this question is asking how larger social and cultural forces influenced which options were available to individuals – and which were not.
3. What actual choices did the innovators make? What options did they choose to pursue and what options did they reject?
4. What were the results of their choice(s)? Where they successful in addressing the problems? Did they achieve something different from what they intended? What did they learn from the process?

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I would like to concentrate on question number 4.
I will upload some reading that could be of resource.

1. Introduction: here, you have to explain why Russia is an important actor in the big international scenario and why some people think (and don’t think) that they are challenging the US-established system.
a. Here, your voice and your argument have to come out. What is your point? If you are arguing that Russia IS challenging the international order, then you have to say: “This essay will show that Russia is challenging the international order because (example), they are preparing for war, they have a strong, long-term aggressive foreign policy, they want to make Russia great again… If, instead, you are arguing that Russia IS NOT challenging the international system you can say: “This essay will show how Russia, though powerful, is NOT to be considered as a threat because it is not going to change the international order because, they are way too behind, they don’t have the money, Putin is bluffing…
2. Give a little bit of background and talk about why you think Russia is still important
3. Introduce today’s Russia and role Putin has, reinforcing your argument that Putin wants Russia to be respected as a powerful actor in the international arena
4. Given all of this, how is Russia viewing the international system, how do they see international crises, how do they see US and Europe, Iran, Syria and the Middle East, China, and India?
5. What does Russia want? How are Russia and Putin shaping their role in the world? Are they doing something important to be relevant? How are they trying to achieve importance?
a. If you are arguing that Russia IS challenging, then you emphasise all the things that confirm this: weapons, alliances with Iran, Turkey, military intervention in Syria..
b. If you are arguing that Russia IS NOT challenging, then you emphasise all the things that confirm this: they are way behind the US, don’t have the money, they are bluffing…
6. Is Russia really challenging the system or are they still behind?
a. And this is where you confirm or disprove your point
7. Conclusion

– that was the Dr instructions so far but my thoughts are as follow:
– As long as I have read so far ( from my own perspective Russia is challenging the world order but not changing it so far, so I would write about how Russia as a major power is challenging the existing world order)
– There are 2 books and both are free to download PDF which is I think they should be as references
o Russia Views of the international order (https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1826.html)
o Understanding the current international order (https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1598.html)

I prefer to follow up with the writer as soon as he starts writing

important Notes :
1- Structure: your essay is to include an introduction, a body of text which may be subdivided into several sub-section, and the conclusions.
2- Essay are to be typed in Arial 11 font, using one and half spacing.
3- use the Chicago system for footnoting and producing a bibliography.
4- hope the writer will be in contact with me so I can advise him for further information

Please watch video for instructions and requirements for the exam:
Also find below the links to the articles
All exam questions will be based on the McDonalds case study.
But some questions may explicitly state two options for you:
1. to analyze the case organization or
2. another organisation of your choice, in this case you will have the opportunity discuss an organization of your choice.
But there will be no compulsory requirement to analyse an organization other than the case organization.
Also, please note ‘your organization’ in the video refers to ‘your current organization or any other organization with which you familiar’
https://myaib.zoom.us/recording/play/PqE4mLr7sN3wxGrHDlv62Xki6VtztqwPvqxYCU1ask94pkykrg0jGWx2UWfu-XRS?autoplay=true&startTime=1538793723000
The following case study forms the basis of the exam questions.
Read the case study prior to the exam to ensure that you have a solid understanding of the discussion presented in the case study
ARTICLE 1
https://www.eater.com/2018/1/30/16937672/mcdonalds-comeback-stock-price-all-day-breakfast-delivery
ARITICLE 2
IS ATTACHED BELOW
The rise and fall of McDonald’s
This case study is based on the article by Hatic (2018), ‘Five reasons McDonald’s is back on top’ in Eater (2018). Prior to reading this article, you should read the case, ‘McDonald’s: Half a century of growth’, provided in the textbook (Slack et al. 2015, pp. 74-79 of the 4th edition; pp. 61-64 of the 3rd edition; pp. 74-77 of the 5th edition) to understand the brief history of McDonald’s and how the company managed to achieve a prosperous growth from 1955 to 2009.
Despite decades of prosperity, in early 2015 McDonald’s announced its first annual sales decline since 2002. This decline was mainly caused by the severe competition from firms like Burger King, Wendy’s, Taco Bell and Sonic, and under-delivering on their customer expectations. As such, the company faced an urgent need to re-establish its market position based on its core operational advantages such as best value, consistency and convenience.
As a result, in March 2015, the new CEO Steve Easterbrook took over McDonald’s with the intention of turning around the business. The following article describes a series of operations, and technology and innovation initiatives launched by McDonald’s under the leadership of the new CEO. These have helped turn around the business and strengthen its position in the market after years of declining of sales.
Five reasons McDonald’s is back on top
by Diana Hactic, Jan 30, 2018
After years of declining sales, McDonald’s has seemingly righted its ship: Since CEO Steve Easterbrook took over in 2015, changes such as the launch of all-day breakfast have helped propel the fast-food titan out of its sales slump. It’s managed to maintain its upward trajectory over the past year, with its stock price rising by more than 40 percent in 2017.
The chain just reported its best sales growth in six years, with domestic same-store sales up 4.5 percent, and it’s seen an increase in foot traffic to its restaurants for the first time in four years. ‘We’ve successfully completed the transition from turnaround to growth,’ Easterbrook told investors on the company’s quarterly earnings call.
Meanwhile, the chain’s resistance to increasing worker pay has made it a target of the Fight for $15 movement; in 2016, Easterbrook earned $1.26 million as a base salary, or 74 times as much as the company’s lowest-paid workers.
Here now, a look at the initiatives that put McDonald’s back on top of its fast-food rivals – including the return of the dollar menu, an emphasis on fresher ingredients, more environmentally friendly packaging, and a new push into China.
Menu changes
Just a few months after Easterbrook took charge, McDonald’s introduced all-day breakfast, capitalising on its most profitable menu (which as fans know well, used to end at 10:30 a.m). After initially leaving certain items off the all-day breakfast menu, McDonald’s expanded its offerings over the course of 2016, adding the McGriddle, and as a result saw an additional boost in overall sales.
Fresh beef
In May 2016, McDonald’s began experimenting with fresh (rather than frozen) beef patties, testing cooked-to-order Quarter Pounders at 14 stores in the Dallas area. Despite some franchisees’ concerns about food safety and longer cooking times, the company has continued playing around with fresh beef, with the aim of serving cooked-to-order Quarter Pounders in every U.S. store by mid-2018. It is also now using fresh beef for a throwback menu item called the Archburger, which launched in January 2018 at a handful of locations in Oklahoma and Texas. (The Archburger is a reboot of McDonald’s old Arch Deluxe, which attempted to appeal to upscale tastes in the late 90s, to limited success.)
A move away from preservatives
In another move emblematic of the chain’s push toward relatively fresher and/or seemingly healthier food, in August 2016 it mixed artificial preservatives from McNuggets. The company later reported that McKnight sales rose 10 percent as a result.
Dollar menu
In January 2018 McDonald’s finally brought back its dollar menu after a five-year hiatus, marking the return of a deal structure that had been displaced by alternative – and less popular – offers, like the McPick $2. The removal of the dollar menu coincided with the company’s initial decline, and its return makes it competitive among other chains with similar value menus, such as Taco Bell and Wendy’s.
Making moves in China
In 2016, McDonald’s announced a significant push into Asia, with a goal of adding 1,500 new restaurants across China, Hong Kong, and Korea over five years. (It’s no secret that China represents a huge emerging market for American restaurant chains – just ask Starbucks.) To decentralise company ownership of franchises, in January 2017, McDonald’s sold its businesses in China and Hong Kong to the state-owned conglomerate Citic and a private equity firm called the Carlyle Group. This move was intended to save the company money on modernising stores, and with China under new ownership, the development goal then shifted to adding 2,000 locations by 2022.
Tech innovations and delivery
When Easterbrook took over in 2015, he acknowledged that the company had fallen behind the rest of the fast-food industry when it came to innovation, and vowed to change that. McDonald’s has since implemented new technology for ordering and delivery, including a mobile order-and-pay-ahead app and a delivery partnership with UberEats. Kiosks The burger brand first experimented with digital self-ordering technology prior to Easterbrook’s arrival in late 2014, in the form of build-your-own burger kiosks, and has subsequently rolled out the tech to additional stores. Though some speculated that order kiosks would replace cashiers and lead to fewer jobs, the company insists the technology is merely designed to speed up the ordering process and reduce errors: Tech-upgraded stores still rely on staff to deliver food to diners’ tables.
Mobile app updates
The chain launched its long-awaited mobile ordering app in mid-2017, enabling users to order and pay for food via their smartphones and retrieve via the drive-thru, curbside pickup, or inside the restaurant. McDonald’s says the mobile app now has more than 20 million registered users. Delivery McDonald’s also sees major opportunity in the delivery sphere: It began testing delivery via UberEats at select locations in late 2016, and by October 2017 the partnership had been rolled out to 5,000 stores. Check averages are one and a half to two times higher for delivery orders, and the chain has said that 75 percent of its customers live within three miles of a McDonald’s, which simplifies delivery logistics. The company intends to offer delivery from 10,000 U.S. stores by 2019.
Talk of becoming more environmentally friendly
Though many consider the fast-food giant the epitome of Big Evil Food, McDonald’s marketing team is busy trying to sway public opinion through environmentally friendly initiatives. In early 2017, the chain announced it was funding sustainable beef pilot programs in the U.S. and Brazil, testing new cattle-grazing methods to cut down on its carbon footprint; it also vowed to eliminate deforestation from its supply chain by 2020. This year the company revealed a plan to switch to renewable or recyclable materials for all its packaging, eliminating all styrofoam by the end of 2018.
More franchises, fewer company-owned stores
Easterbrook also implemented a plan to unload 4,000 company-owned restaurants by the end of 2018, selling off said stores to franchisees. Because of its reliance on franchised locations, in which McDonald’s owns properties and leases them to franchisees, the chain has been described as more of a real estate company than a fast-food restaurant. This real estate ownership strategy allows McDonald’s to keep a larger percentage of revenue from franchisee-owned stores – about 82 percent, as opposed to about 16 percent from company-run stores, Quartz estimated. Now 92 percent of McDonald’s locations are franchises, which cuts overall costs for the company. McDonald’s mostly-franchise model largely also allows it to pass the buck onto its franchisees when it comes to how workers are paid and treated. The fast-food giant has long argued that it cannot be held accountable for the wages set by franchise owners, as it is not the direct ’employer’ of those workers. In 2014, the National Labour Relations Board ruled that the McDonald’s Corporation was a ‘joint employer’ along with its franchisee owners, meaning it could be held liable for the working conditions at any of its restaurants (and leading to a lengthy legal battle between the fast-food chain and the labour board). But last December, the NLRB under the Trump administration overturned that ruling, a big win for McDonald’s – and a major blow to fast-food workers’ fight for higher wages.
All this is not to say the company has entirely turned itself around. Even during all these changes, the company still faces issues such as rising labour costs and increased competition from the fast-casual sector. At least no one can argue against the fact that McDonald’s has truly mastered the art of the French fry.
References
Slack, N, Brandon-Jones, A, Johnston, R & Betts, A 2015, Case Study ‘McDonald’s: Half century of growth from 1955 to 2009’, in Operations and process management, 4th edn, Pearson Education Limited, Harlow, pp. 65-68.
Hatic, D 2018, ‘Five reasons McDonald’s is back on top’, Eater, viewed 22 August 2018, https://www.eater.com/2018/1/30/16937672/mcdonalds-comeback-stock-price-all-day-breakfast-delivery.

ONLY DO ONE INTRODUCTION FOR McDonalds(+-10 lines (paragraph)
NO THEORY – NO CITATIONS OR REFERENCES
I HAVE THE THEORIES JUST THE FOLLOWING IS REQUIIRED:
VARIOUS CASE SCENARIOS FOR OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT for the two articles for McDonalds – IT IS IMPORTANT TO NUMBER YOUR REPLIES (WITH A HEADING SO I CAN FOLLOW).
In every response to each question, please reply with the critical analysis/ apply strategies/ recommendations and a conclusion
For example:
Introduction to McDonalds
Then I provide the theory
Then a critical analysis as below
1. Understand the significance of the input transformation-output process of McDonalds operation and the different levels of business – the individual process level, the operation level and the supply network levels seen from the process perspective. THIS SHOULD BE AROUND 15 sentences.
Then recommendations – PLEASE PROVIDE ABOUT 5 sentences
Conclusion – PLEASE PROVIDE 5 sentences
2. Crtically analyse the four V characteristics for McDonalds (explaining the practical meaning and how this applies to McDonalds. THIS SHOULD BE AROUND 15 Sentences.

Then recommendations – around 5 sentencs

Conclustion – Around 5 sentences

3. Critically analyse and apply the five operations performance objectives to McDonalds – how they reflect the performance outcomes of all McDonalds operations management concepts – the relationship to the five performance objectives ? how does this link with the operations strategy for McDonalds. THIS SHOULD BE AROUND 15 SENTENCES.

Then recommendations – around 5 sentences.

Then conclusion around – 5 sentences.

4. Critically analyse and apply how does top up top down and bottom up techniques work for McDonalds? Around 15 sentences

Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusion – 5 sentences

5. Critically analyse operations trade offs for McDonalds – 15 sentences
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusion – 5 sentences

6. Critically analyse capacity, the issues, management and planning – explain how to apply longer-term capacity concepts to McDonalds – Around 15 sentences
Then recommendations – around 5 sentences
Then conclusion – around 5 sentences.

7. Critically analyse process design – positioning – the processes and concepts the right type – the 4 basic lay out types – Around 15 sentences
Then conclusion – 5 sentences
Then recommendations.- 5 sentences

8. Discuss and analyse the operations performance objectives for McDonalds supply chain and particular goals to provide for customer needs. Apply the SCOR model, leaness and agility. Around 15 sentences

Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusion – 5 sentences.

9. Discuss and analyse how McDonalds manages supply chain relationships? Here you need to understand the differences between the two types of relationships. – 15 sentences
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusions.- 5 sentences

10. Discuss and analyse critically how McDonalds manage the supply side and the demand side of the supply chain and the supply chain dynamics. – around 15 sentences.
Then recommendations – 5 sentences.
Then conclusion – 5 sentences.

11. Discuss, critically apply and analyse the current capacity leakage and overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) – The practical application for McDonalds – The mismatches, using the three different capacity management plans – LEVEL CAPACITY, CHASE DEMAND, MANAGE DEMAND,SHORT TO MEDIUM TERM CAPACITY – 15 sentences
Then recommendations. – 5 sentences
Then conclusion. – 5 sentences

12. Discuss, critical analyse what is inventory management, explain what the purpose of inventory is and what is meant by management when applied practically. Analyze McDonalds role of inventory, discuss the different types of inventory and their purpose in McDonalds – Explain how inventory management is defined and conducted in the company’s operations processes – and discuss, explain :why should there be any inventory for McDonalds? – 20 sentences.
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusions – 5 sentences

13. Discuss/analyse, critically, McDonalds – EOQ – why safety stocks are important? Practical inventory management? How much to order? – 15 sentences
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusions – 5 sentences

14. Critically analyse/ discuss the difference between continuous and periodic review systems in the timing of orders for McDonalds – 15 sentences.
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusions – 5 sentences

15. Critically analyse/discuss inventory control and ABC analysis for McDonalds – How significant is it for McDonalds? – Explain the practical use of the PARETO method, what common problems could there be for McDonalds? 15 sentences.
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusions – 5 sentences

16. Critically analyse/discuss McDonalds resource planning and control – – the core mechanisms of planning and control – loading and scheduling – 15 sentences
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusion – 5 sentences.

17. Critically analyse, apply practical thinking and explain McDonalds enterprise resource planning (ERP) – How this integrates – 15 sentences.
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusions – 5 sentences

18. Discuss/explain/analyse how to apply the loading, sequencing, scheduling and monitoring and controlling concepts for McDonalds – 15 sentences
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusions – 5 sentences

19. Discuss/critically analyse the theory of constraints for McDonalds and how it applies to the operations process for Mc Donalds – 15 sentences.
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusion – 5 sentences

20. Explain the meaning of lean synchronisation and its benefits for McDonalds – illustrate very clearly the factors that contribute to lean synchronisation through waste elimination for McDonalds – 15 sentences
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusion – 5 sentences.

21. Critically discuss/apply/explain the application of just in time (JIT), to McDonalds – visibility, pull control and Kanban’s – 15 sentences
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusion – 5 sentences

22. Discuss, critically analyse, explain barriers to lean synchronisation for McDonalds – Difficulties in implementing – 15 sentences
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusions 5 – sentences

23. Discuss/explain analyse defining/managing quality – explain the practical importance of quality and quality measurement for McDonalds – how it should be measured in getting producst/services right according to what customers want – 15 sentences
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusion – 5 sentences

24. Explain, critically analyse, discuss the practical application of (total quality management) TQM – for McDonalds – 15 sentences
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusion – 5 sentences

25. Identify/analyse/explain how you would go about finding improvements opportunities for McDonalds, improving performance – 15 sentences
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusions – 5 sentences

26. What methods or strategies for improvement? Determine the most appropriate improvement methods to use in the practical improvement decisions for McDonalds. PDCD AND DMAIC cycles approach to improvement – 15 sentences
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusions – 5 sentences

27. Improvement techniques – how would you apply this to McDonalds – Explain the tools needed to solve practical problems- TQM – 4 useful techniques, explain the tools that might be used in solving a specific practical problem for McDonalds – show how each of the tools can be used and which ones are likely to be most effective –
– 20 sentences
Then recommendations – 5 sentences
Then conclusions – 5 sentences

write an APA paper to include a title page, level headings, and a reference page

Discuss and explain King’s Conceptual System Theory.
First explain the 3 systems and provide examples of each system
Explain how the systems influence goal attainment
How could King’s theory help define a clinical quality problem?
Apply this theory to a potential practice quality improvement initiative within your clinical practice.
How could a quality committee align outcomes with King’s Conceptual System Theory?
What additional nursing theory from our readings could also align with an improved quality of practice initiative?
This paper should include 2 outside references and the textbook. This paper should be 1250 to 1500 words in length.

The World of the Grandfathers

Drawn from a series of Nature of New York lectures in 2004 and 2005 by Dr. Anne-Marie Cantwell (Rutgers University)
Unearthing Gotham: Touring Gotham’s Archaeological Sites.

Introduction

“The land of North America is literally made up of the bones and blood of generations and generations of Native American peoples. Modern Americans should learn to see them as grandfathers.”
–Ruben Snake, Winnebago spiritual leader

Many people think of New York as young, only a few hundred years old. They see the history of the region beginning with the Dutch occupation of Manhattan Island. The written history does begin in 1609; however, when the Dutch arrived, they were new people in a very old land. Archeology gives us a window into this distant past, the world of the grandfathers..

Paleo-Indian Period
11,000 to 10,000 years ago

The story of New York begins in Port Mobil, Staten Island along the Arthur Kill. When the fence was being built around the oil tank farm, amateur archaeologists found fluted spear points. Fluted spear points (thinned in the middle to enable attachment to a spear

Approximately 11,000 years ago, Port Mobil was on a commanding rise of land 75 feet above sea level (today, it is 9 feet above sea level). The Arthur Kill was a small brackish stream. Inner and outer New York Harbor were part of a vast coastal plain. The coast was about 120 miles to the east. Glacial lakes had formed with the recent end of the ice age. Mastodons, mammoth, caribou, marten and hare roamed the mixed pine forests. It was a hospitable place to stay for a while and move on. While it is tempting to imagine the Native Americans hunting the mastodons and mammoth, there is no evidence linking North Eastern Paleo-Indian hunting sites to them (though there is in other parts of the continent). More likely they would have hunted smaller prey such as caribou, marten, and fox, and ate Hawthorne plums, grapes, and seeds.

Over time, the amateur archaeologists found over 100 artifacts at and to the north of Port Mobile. These spear points, knives, hide and antler scrapers are indicative of small family groups that would have camped and moved on. The men would have been hunters, and the women would have processed the hides to make clothes, tents, and bedding—all of which were essential to survival in the still cold climate.

There are real limits to our knowledge of these people. We don’t know their name, how they looked, or what they called this area. However we do know that they were here 11,000 years ago and can justly claim to be the first New Yorkers.

Clovis Points

Enlarge image »

Archaic Period
10,000 to 8,000 years ago

About 10,000 years ago begins a very long period that archaeologists call the Archaic Period. The millennia following the ice age were a period of dramatic change in the environment. The sea was rising and the coastline was moving west (It would still take 6000 years before it reached its present location). There were offshore islands. Glacial lakes were turning into swamps and the larger animals like the mastodons and mammoth that had dominated the landscape became extinct. Moose and caribou were moving north. The forests were now mixed pine and oak. Within this newly diverse environment, the area became even more hospitable. New technologies were developed, and the diet and culture of the inhabitants also changed dramatically.

There is only one important site currently known from this period, also in Staten Island. The burnt, broken stones at the site prove that “ stone boiling” had been invented. Stone boiling is a cooking process. Rocks about the size of an apple are heated in a fire. The hot stones are picked up with two sticks and placed in a bladder or basket of water to heat the water. This is a very laborious, inefficient way to cook; nevertheless, it is a major technological step.

Middle Archaic
8,000 to 6,000 years ago

8,000 years ago, the area had become yet more attractive. Deciduous forests of oak and chestnut filled with deer, bear, raccoon, turkey, and migrating birds predominate, supplying a richer more varied diet. For example, nuts are one of the nutritious new additions to the native diet from the deciduous forest. Another development of this period is the first evidence of use of coastal resources in the region. This is from shell pits in archaeological sites along the Hudson River. This human relationship with coastal resources will continue and develop up until almost the present.

Late Archaic
6,000 to 3,700 years ago

6,000 years ago there were a lot more people living throughout the Northeast in general and in New York in particular. There were many sites in upper Manhattan. Inwood in northern Manhattan had been occupied more or less continuously for millennia. Shellfish middens (heaps of discarded shells) from this period are common, indicating that shellfish were now a significant component of the local diet. Throughout the eastern part of North America at this time there were major technological advances. Axes, plummets (weights for fishing), and “banner stones” all appear in Manhattan for the first time—see images of these types of tools here. The axes are clear evidence of woodworking, probably to make canoes. The banner stones were used as weights and guides for spear throwers. The spear thrower (atlatl) is a stick with a catch for the rear end of the spear effectively adding another joint to the throwing arm, which increases the hunter’s leverage. Spear throwers greatly increase the lethality of the spear as a hunting weapon. It is probably no coincidence that deer become numerous in archaeological digs of the period.

The Woodland Period
Early Woodland

At this point, the terminal moraine separating Staten Island and Brooklyn broke. The Hudson River settled into its present course, and approximately 3700 years ago the modern coastline more or less takes shape. New York is now truly a coastal area. It is essentially the coast that Verrazano will visit in the 1520’s, and Henry Hudson will see in 1609. There are now major Indian settlements along the coasts and inlets. Unfortunately, hundreds of these archaeological sites have been buried beneath the highways and bridges built by Robert Moses.

Professor Cantwell sees this as the beginning of the history of modern New York. The defining characteristic of the woodland period for archaeologists is that pottery has replaced stone bowls and baskets. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of pottery as a technological innovation. Unlike stone boiling and grilling, pottery allows routine boiling and simmering of food. This means stews and soft foods become available. Infants can be weaned earlier. Invalids can be fed soft foods during illness so that they can recover. Whether or not those explanations are the precise causes, the effect on the population is dramatic.

Middle Woodland 2000 to 1000 years ago is a remarkable period, more for what is not happening in New York in contrast to other areas of the country. In the mid-west, there are the mound builder cultures. There is clear evidence of hierarchy. Chiefs are buried with hundreds of beads and copper jewelry in what are clearly public works projects. It is a stratified society. On the other hand, in New York, while people are buried in graves, there is none of the sophistication or the artwork seen in the mid-west.

Strangely, it is not as if the mid-west is that far away or that the New York peoples were unaware of it. By canoe and portage, the trip would take about three weeks. There are some signs that some rituals practiced in the mid-west were practiced here too. In the Bronx, mica plates, common in the mid-west, have been found. Modern Native Americans report that mica was used in mortuary rituals and in divination. Stone pipes from the mid-west, used in smoking rituals, are also found.

However, what had developed in New York (and coastal New England) was a different kind of society. It was apparently egalitarian. And if the material culture was plain, the environment was exuberant. A key feature of the New York area is the variety of habitats in close proximity. Within a half-day walk, one could forage in salt marshes, hunt game in forests, or fish in rivers, or ponds. There was a virtually unlimited supply of oysters, an extremely valuable food resource in winter, as well as 600 pound sturgeon and myriads of other fish filling the rivers and bays. Game and migratory birds were plentiful. There were nuts and seeds and grapes. Some experts have argued that Middle and Late Woodlands coastal New York provided at least as much food as intensive agriculture with none of the work. Mothers used moss to diaper their babies. Bark was used to build houses and canoes.

It sounds like Eden. The original Dutch settlers were overwhelmed by the abundance they found. Of course, it wasn’t Eden. No place is. There were also lean times and disputes. Nevertheless, the environment was such that there was no need to have a hierarchy to organize the means of production and distribution. No need for elite individuals to run things. No evidence of major group conflicts. While the lifestyle and material culture was minimal, there was a ritual culture shared with other North American Native Americans. We can only assume that they were aware of more elaborate lifestyles but chose not to emulate them. The environment made a more complex and hierarchical society undesirable.

These Northeastern Coastal Native Americans were laying down the basis for a lifestyle incomprehensible to the Dutch and other Europeans who encountered them.

 

Fish Pipe

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Late Woodlands
1,000 to 400 years ago

When we talk about the Late Woodlands, we can finally give the peoples who lived in coastal New York a name. They spoke a dialect of the Delaware language, Muncie. Sometimes these people were called Lenape, Leni Lenape, or Muncie.

Bows and arrows, a big improvement over spears, appear for the first time. Pottery gets bigger with thinner walls, holding up to two-and-a-half gallons. The question that archaeologists ask is: “ what exactly were they cooking in these big new pots?”

At this time in the interior of the Northeast in the Mohawk Valley, maize, beans, and squash (“The Three Sisters”) cultures developed. They were militaristic societies living in large, palisaded fortress villages.

There is no evidence of these palisaded fortresses along the coast. It was not even clear whether they were growing any corn at all. Some archaeologists had argued that the switch to agriculture only occurred after the Europeans arrived. In Staten Island, however, the dig at Bowen’s Brook, excavated in 1904, provides a clue as to what they were eating in New York in the Late Woodlands. There, an amateur archaeologist named Alanson Skinner found over 100 six by six foot storage pits full of all kinds of stuff, much of which was sold off by the workmen. However, Skinner found a corn cob which he sent to the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in Manhattan. A few years ago, the corn was carbon dated. It came from between 1270 and 1400 AD. The evidence therefore suggests that they did grow some corn but not much.

Another clue as to the Late Woodlands diet comes from a small sample of skeletons from the largest Native American cemetery on Staten Island, Burial Ridge. Burial Ridge, which is now in the National Register of Historic Places, was excavated at the turn of the century by the AMNH. It had been occupied for millennia. Three human skeletons and a dog were dated to the Late Woodlands period. The human skeletons and the dog skeleton were analyzed chemically to determine their diet. (Interestingly, there are several sites from this period which have dog burials.) The results showed the vegetable portion of the diet consisted of temperate vegetables (probably not corn) and also that they ate a lot of seafood. Significantly, the dogs and the humans apparently had the same diet.

Another bit of evidence is the size and general health of the skeletons. They did not have cavities and were in generally good health when they died. Health, especially dental health, in agricultural societies is bad compared to hunter gatherer societies. This is universal. When a population converts to an agricultural diet, their stature diminishes, infections increase, anemia and malnutrition become common. This is another bit of evidence against extensive agriculture in New York prior to contact. The evidence shows that these peoples knew about agriculture, but as with the hierarchy and elaborate social structures of their inland brethren, they chose not to adopt it.

Fishing

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Cooking

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©SPS CUNY Last modified: Thursday, March 8, 2018, 11:47 AM

 

Answer these 10 questions. Make sure you thoroughly answer each question. These should be answered with full APA citation and referencing.
Each answer for the questions should be approximately 2 paragraphs long and must have at least ONE REFERENCE PER ANSWER.

1.How did mass media emerge? How do they converge? What is the difference? Explain.
2.What is the agenda setting theory? How does this theory play out in contemporary media? Explain.
3. What is the historical significance of yellow journalism? Explain.
4.What role, ideally, does journalism play in democracies? Explain.
5.What is content analysis and why is it useful in media studies? Explain.
6.What challenges do digital media pose to journalism and other mass media forms? Explain.
7.Why did cultural studies approaches develop in opposition to traditional media effects research? Explain.
8.What are some of the differences between the UK and US approaches to popular culture studies? Explain.
9.Why is it important to study media? Explain,
10.What is public journalism? Explain.

– Be sure to double-check your work thoroughly to avoid accidental cases of poor paraphrasing, missing quote marks, plagiarism, and missing citations and references.
– You may cite webpages or ebook chapters using APA standard formatting.

Assignment 5: Conflict Resolution – Setting Ground Rules

Imagine a scenario in which you and a new partner are discussing testing for sexually transmitted infections. Devise a strategy for addressing this issue with your partner. Write out a role-play conversation with your partner using the effective communication strategies discussed in this lesson. Your script must be at least 650 words long.

Feeling creative? Write a script between people other than a “typical” heterosexual pair– instead, write about a same-sex pair, a pair where one or both people have significant disabilities, where there is a language difference, or a significant age difference.

Possible Points

Student Points

Your script demonstrated an understanding of effective communication strategies.

40

Your script demonstrated accurate knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases, and how to test for them.

40

You used at least one appropriate reference, cited following APA 6th ed. formatting style.

10

You demonstrated a consistent command of sentence boundaries and spelling, capitalization, punctuation, grammar, and usage conventions. Your script is at least 650 words long.

Week 7: Gathering Primary Data
Dates:
Goals:
• Identify the benefits and challenges of primary data
• Understand the concept of sampling theory
• Compare the differences between the collection of survey and interview data
• Propose and discuss approaches on seeking respondents

Read:
• O’Leary and Hunt, Chapter 6

Watch

Survey Monkey Assignment: Part 1
Assignment Steps (Part 1):

1. Open a personal account with Survey Monkey by going to http://www.surveymonkey.com. (you can create and provide access)Your account is free and includes the ability to make as many surveys as you wish and have up to 100 respondents for each survey.
2. Learn about Survey Monkey. Spend a few minutes exploring the Survey Monkey site.
3. Pose a research question and develop research hypothesis on the experience of adult learning at CUNY.
4. Develop at least 10 survey questions addressing your hypothesis. Make sure your survey questions are developed as tools to test the research hypothesis.
5. Before the beginning of the next session, post your research question, research hypothesis, and link to your survey questions to the Survey Monkey Discussion Board.

You are either an Egyptian priest or priestess of Bastet, a member of the Egyptian Royal Family, a scribe in charge of grain supplies, or a farmer in Ancient Egypt. You are writing a letter to the Vizier, the highest ranking officer in the Egyptian government, explaining how the cat, the last domesticated animal in Western culture, is a central feature of your life. Include what the cat means to you as a person, how it is critical to your economic existence, and its role as a religious symbol. Discuss what the cat’s overall role is in Egyptian culture. Remember to address the Vizier as “My Lord Vizier” and to explain who you are (obviously a prince or princess of Egypt is above the Vizier socially, a farmer or scribe is beneath his dignity, a priest is a social equal—so adjust your tone as necessary), and end the letter with your title and EGYPTIAN name (look one up—Fred, Ahmed, Nguyen, or Julie are NOT Egyptian names).
RULES FOR ANSWERING SPECIAL DISCUSSION BOARD QUESTIONS:

1) Special Discussion Board Questions should be answered in essay form, providing the type of depth and detail expected in a research paper. You should take the time to explain complicated concepts in a thorough and thoughtful manner. Remember, you need to demonstrate an understanding of events–not only in terms of what happened but also why it happened and what effect it had on society. Remember to answer each part of your question as well.

2) Stay on target—answer the questions as fully as possible and don’t wander off the subject—doing so will hurt your grade. You will be allowed to post more than once (in case you have more to add) but you will receive only one (1) grade for all of your work—that grade will be based on the totality of your contribution. You are not required to respond to any other person’s post.

3) To answer each Special Discussion Question you are required to use resources other than your textbook and you are required to provide a list of those sources at the end of your post. This means you may need to take a trip to your local library or conduct an online search or two before you have the information necessary for you to compose your posting. DO NOT use any of the following as sources: your textbook, films or television programs (including documentaries and filmed courses), lectures, blogs, Twitter posts, or Facebook pages. I take off points if you do.

4) Be sure to cite your sources at the end of your posting. DO NOT use endnotes, footnotes, or any other form of source citation within the body of your post. I take off 50% of your grade if you do. Also, do not use phrases such as “According to Jones,…” because I count those as a form of in-text citation and grade accordingly.

5) DO NOT use quotes (and like all the other DO NOTS, I take off points for doing). I want to read your writing, not someone else’s. Read your sources and then write your essay in your own words.

6) Express yourself clearly. Use good grammar. Write in complete sentences. Do not use any of those abbreviations so commonly used on blogs and text messages. I suggest you compose your contribution on a word processing program with a spell-checker. Then cut and paste–or type it in. This may help you get out everything you want to say before you hit “submit.” Be sure to use at least 12 point type for your response so it can be read. And, no, you cannot edit your contributions after they are posted.

7) Carefully proofread and correct your post before submission. Be sure to check your spelling and capitalization, as those are the most common problems for which I take off points. Check your work again right before you hit submit.

8) Your contributions should have real substance to them. Contributions such as “Yeah, what she said.” or “I do so totally agree with what everyone has said” will receive zero (0) points. Posts should run 1,000 – 1,500 words in length–some will run more and some will run less. The rule of thumb here is to answer all parts of the question thoroughly and in detail (and you’ll be surprised how fast your essay grows as you write it, once you’ve done your research).

9) And this one applies to any post on this board…Be polite—no name calling, no long-winded attempts to dominate the discussion, no profanity, no threats. If you disagree with someone, you may say so and then present YOUR argument—spending your time tearing down THEIR argument will hurt your grade and could get you thrown off the Discussion Board. Please also see the Discussion Board rules in the class FAQs for additional information.

10) Your grade, once posted, is non-negotiable. Some wise person warned us not to compare ourselves to others, for there will always be greater and lesser persons than ourselves. This rule also applies to Discussion Board contributions. You are graded by me on your own merit—not against the class as a whole.